4.3 Columbian Exchange

A.P. World History Notes

Unit 4.3 Columbian Exchange

Diseases and population Catastrophe:

Western and Eastern Hemisphere isolation
No exposure to other diseases and germs
Columbus and exploration united the two sides.
Smallpox, influenzas, malaria, mumps, measles
Indigenous populations fell 50%
Some lost 90%
Both Because of diseases brought over.

Animals and Food:

Major component was the exchange of crops and livestock.
Europeans introduced eat, wheat, and grapes.
Introduction of horses changed Native lifestyles: Hunting buffalo, gave more time for art and spirituality, competition, gave more power to groups with Horses.
Europeans took maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao.
Led to population growth. Healthier foods improved lifespans.

Cash Crops and Forced Labor:

Introduction of okra and rice
Tobacco and cacao sold in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East
African populations grew due to the introduction of nutritious foods.
Bigger than subsistence farming which needed more laborers, which grows African population in America.

The Lure of Sugar:

Brazil was perfect for sugarcane cultivation.
Disease wiped out the indigenous workforce.
Forced laborers often escaped into the jungle.
Led to the importing of slaves from Africa.

Slavery:

Sugar became increasingly profitable.
Sugar plantations demanded heavy labor usage.
Constant importation of labor
Slaves became majority in some areas.
Terrible conditions, poor nutrition, heat, and disease
Engenhoes
5-10% lost every year because of said conditions.

Growing Cash Crops:

Spanish pursued the same success of the Portuguese
Cultivated sugar and tobacco.
Cash Crops
Sugar became the main moneymaker.
Caribbean smaller than Brazil, so they weren’t as successful due to lack of land.

African Presence in the Americas:

African Diaspora
Enslaved Africans retained some aspects of their cultures.

Environmental and Demographic Impact:

Agricultural land was used intensively.
Trees cut down to clear land.
Large fields were created and cultivated year after year.
Deforestation and soil depletion
Dense populations: Strain on water resources, pollution.
Population becomes more dense.

4.3 Columbian Exchange

A.P. World History Notes

Unit 4.3 Columbian Exchange

Diseases and population Catastrophe:

Western and Eastern Hemisphere isolation
No exposure to other diseases and germs
Columbus and exploration united the two sides.
Smallpox, influenzas, malaria, mumps, measles
Indigenous populations fell 50%
Some lost 90%
Both Because of diseases brought over.

Animals and Food:

Major component was the exchange of crops and livestock.
Europeans introduced eat, wheat, and grapes.
Introduction of horses changed Native lifestyles: Hunting buffalo, gave more time for art and spirituality, competition, gave more power to groups with Horses.
Europeans took maize, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao.
Led to population growth. Healthier foods improved lifespans.

Cash Crops and Forced Labor:

Introduction of okra and rice
Tobacco and cacao sold in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East
African populations grew due to the introduction of nutritious foods.
Bigger than subsistence farming which needed more laborers, which grows African population in America.

The Lure of Sugar:

Brazil was perfect for sugarcane cultivation.
Disease wiped out the indigenous workforce.
Forced laborers often escaped into the jungle.
Led to the importing of slaves from Africa.

Slavery:

Sugar became increasingly profitable.
Sugar plantations demanded heavy labor usage.
Constant importation of labor
Slaves became majority in some areas.
Terrible conditions, poor nutrition, heat, and disease
Engenhoes
5-10% lost every year because of said conditions.

Growing Cash Crops:

Spanish pursued the same success of the Portuguese
Cultivated sugar and tobacco.
Cash Crops
Sugar became the main moneymaker.
Caribbean smaller than Brazil, so they weren’t as successful due to lack of land.

African Presence in the Americas:

African Diaspora
Enslaved Africans retained some aspects of their cultures.

Environmental and Demographic Impact:

Agricultural land was used intensively.
Trees cut down to clear land.
Large fields were created and cultivated year after year.
Deforestation and soil depletion
Dense populations: Strain on water resources, pollution.
Population becomes more dense.