age of nation states

"Protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire"

France/ napoleon iii

Moldavia & Wallachia

Ottoman Empire territories that Russia wanted

Florence Nightingale

Helped Crimean War soldiers who were hurt and helped to promote nursing

Romantic Republicanism

An approach to Italian unification that played on Romanticism but was very secretive and sort of violent

Giuseppe Mazzini

Drove Austria out of Italy and founded an Italian Republic

Giuseppe Garabaldi

Led the Red Shirts and wanted a Roman Republic

"The Red Shirts"

Group of nationalist fighters that took over parts of Italy

Risorgimento

Rebirth; Italian unification

Count Camillo de Cavour

Prime Minister of Piedmont who wanted Italy united and helped to do so

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Piedmont who eventually became King of Italy

Italian Sectional Hatred

North (industrial and urban) and South (agricultural and peasants) were virtually incompatible

Trasformismo

Political system that was run by corruption

Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)

Venetia added to Italy at its conclusion

Lateran Accords of 1929

Papacy/Vatican City no longer hostile towards Italy

Italia Irredenta

Unredeemed Italy; reason Italy supported the Allies in WWI

Otto von Bismarck

Prime Minister of Prussia who united Germany

Zollverein

Free trading union

Kaiser Wilhelm I

King of Prussia and 1st German Emperor

Junker

Prussian landed nobility

"Blood & Iron Speech"

Bismarck's speech on German unification that condoned violence to get what one wants

Holstein-Schleswig

Prussia wanted it away from Denmark and got it with help from Austria

Bundesrat

Federal council appointed by government

Der Reichstag

Lower house elected by UMS

Third Republic

The French government after Napoleon III's death that turned out to be very strong

Adolphe Thiem

Leader of the 3rd Republic

Treaty of Frankfurt

France charged 32 billion Francs to pay off debts and Alsace-Lorraine was lost

War Reparations

Payments to cover damage caused by war

Paris Commune

Paris's governing body that wanted Paris separately governed from France and defeated by the National Assembly

Marshal MacMahon

Elected as President of France until new King and was very conservative

General Georges Boulanger

Wanted stronger French executive authority

Albert Dreyfus

An innocent Jew accused of treason to France and sent to Devil's Island to later be pardoned (drove French parties apart)

Emile Zola

A writer who wrote J'Accuse and sent to jail

J'Accuse

A letter claiming the French government as anti-semitic and saying Dreyfus is innocent

Francis Joseph

Austrian king who wanted military districts and wasn't very commanding

October Diploma

Austria and its provinces are a federation

Reichsrat

Bicameral imperial parliament (upper - elected by emperor, lower - indirectly elected)

Ausgleich

Compromise of 1867; created the Austria-Hungarian empire

Trialism

Triple monarchy, where Czechs are in a position like that of Hungary's

Obstructionism

Trying to disrupt the process of parliament by stopping it

Alexander II

Russian czar who abolished serfdom, among other things

Emancipation Proclamation

Decree that freed Russian serfs (sort of) OR decree that freed US slaves (sort of)

Zemstvo

Local Russian councils that oversaw infrastructure, education, and agriculture

Russification

Poland must follow Russian law, administration, and language

Alexander Herzen

Most prominent critic of Alexander II who wrote The Bell

The Bell

A reformist London newspaper run by Herzen

Populism

Student formed movement that called for a revolution about the Russian peasants' lives

"Land and Freedom"

The main radical populist society

Vera Zasulich

Tried to assassinate an official of Russia but a sympathetic jury acquitted her

"The People's Will"

1 side of the Land and Freedom group that was violent and wanted to overthrow/assassinate the nobles

Second Reform Act of 1867

More voters allowed to vote in England

Reform League

A group led by John Bright who wanted more people to vote

Molly Maguires

Irish secret societies that wanted a return to agricultural life

Benjamin Disraeli

Prime Minister of England who was conservative and yet reformed to gain more support to his party

William Gladstone

Liberal prime minister of England who was a great symbol of liberalism in England

John Bright

Led the Reform League

Conservative Party

Dominated British politics in the 1900s

Ballot Act of 1872

Introduced the secret ballot into England

Education Act of 1870

Government in England responsible to have all children in elementary schools

Richard Cross

Thought of the social legislation ideas that Disraeli used; Disraeli's personal secretary

Artisan's Dwelling Act of 1875

Government in England has to put workers into homes

"Irish Question"

What to do with Ireland?; England saw them as 2nd class and hated them

Church of Ireland

Irish branch of the Anglican Church that was disestablished

Irish Land League

Peasants that intimidated landowners

Charles Pannell

Leader of movements for a just land system and Irish self-determination

Coercion Act

Passed to restore law and order in England

Home Rule Bill

Would give Ireland right to self rule, but failed in House of Lords