Studied by 1 person
"Protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire"
France/ napoleon iii
Moldavia & Wallachia
Ottoman Empire territories that Russia wanted
Florence Nightingale
Helped Crimean War soldiers who were hurt and helped to promote nursing
Romantic Republicanism
An approach to Italian unification that played on Romanticism but was very secretive and sort of violent
Giuseppe Mazzini
Drove Austria out of Italy and founded an Italian Republic
Giuseppe Garabaldi
Led the Red Shirts and wanted a Roman Republic
"The Red Shirts"
Group of nationalist fighters that took over parts of Italy
Risorgimento
Rebirth; Italian unification
Count Camillo de Cavour
Prime Minister of Piedmont who wanted Italy united and helped to do so
Victor Emmanuel II
King of Piedmont who eventually became King of Italy
Italian Sectional Hatred
North (industrial and urban) and South (agricultural and peasants) were virtually incompatible
Trasformismo
Political system that was run by corruption
Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War)
Venetia added to Italy at its conclusion
Lateran Accords of 1929
Papacy/Vatican City no longer hostile towards Italy
Italia Irredenta
Unredeemed Italy; reason Italy supported the Allies in WWI
Otto von Bismarck
Prime Minister of Prussia who united Germany
Zollverein
Free trading union
Kaiser Wilhelm I
King of Prussia and 1st German Emperor
Junker
Prussian landed nobility
"Blood & Iron Speech"
Bismarck's speech on German unification that condoned violence to get what one wants
Holstein-Schleswig
Prussia wanted it away from Denmark and got it with help from Austria
Bundesrat
Federal council appointed by government
Der Reichstag
Lower house elected by UMS
Third Republic
The French government after Napoleon III's death that turned out to be very strong
Adolphe Thiem
Leader of the 3rd Republic
Treaty of Frankfurt
France charged 32 billion Francs to pay off debts and Alsace-Lorraine was lost
War Reparations
Payments to cover damage caused by war
Paris Commune
Paris's governing body that wanted Paris separately governed from France and defeated by the National Assembly
Marshal MacMahon
Elected as President of France until new King and was very conservative
General Georges Boulanger
Wanted stronger French executive authority
Albert Dreyfus
An innocent Jew accused of treason to France and sent to Devil's Island to later be pardoned (drove French parties apart)
Emile Zola
A writer who wrote J'Accuse and sent to jail
J'Accuse
A letter claiming the French government as anti-semitic and saying Dreyfus is innocent
Francis Joseph
Austrian king who wanted military districts and wasn't very commanding
October Diploma
Austria and its provinces are a federation
Reichsrat
Bicameral imperial parliament (upper - elected by emperor, lower - indirectly elected)
Ausgleich
Compromise of 1867; created the Austria-Hungarian empire
Trialism
Triple monarchy, where Czechs are in a position like that of Hungary's
Obstructionism
Trying to disrupt the process of parliament by stopping it
Alexander II
Russian czar who abolished serfdom, among other things
Emancipation Proclamation
Decree that freed Russian serfs (sort of) OR decree that freed US slaves (sort of)
Zemstvo
Local Russian councils that oversaw infrastructure, education, and agriculture
Russification
Poland must follow Russian law, administration, and language
Alexander Herzen
Most prominent critic of Alexander II who wrote The Bell
The Bell
A reformist London newspaper run by Herzen
Populism
Student formed movement that called for a revolution about the Russian peasants' lives
"Land and Freedom"
The main radical populist society
Vera Zasulich
Tried to assassinate an official of Russia but a sympathetic jury acquitted her
"The People's Will"
1 side of the Land and Freedom group that was violent and wanted to overthrow/assassinate the nobles
Second Reform Act of 1867
More voters allowed to vote in England
Reform League
A group led by John Bright who wanted more people to vote
Molly Maguires
Irish secret societies that wanted a return to agricultural life
Benjamin Disraeli
Prime Minister of England who was conservative and yet reformed to gain more support to his party
William Gladstone
Liberal prime minister of England who was a great symbol of liberalism in England
John Bright
Led the Reform League
Conservative Party
Dominated British politics in the 1900s
Ballot Act of 1872
Introduced the secret ballot into England
Education Act of 1870
Government in England responsible to have all children in elementary schools
Richard Cross
Thought of the social legislation ideas that Disraeli used; Disraeli's personal secretary
Artisan's Dwelling Act of 1875
Government in England has to put workers into homes
"Irish Question"
What to do with Ireland?; England saw them as 2nd class and hated them
Church of Ireland
Irish branch of the Anglican Church that was disestablished
Irish Land League
Peasants that intimidated landowners
Charles Pannell
Leader of movements for a just land system and Irish self-determination
Coercion Act
Passed to restore law and order in England
Home Rule Bill
Would give Ireland right to self rule, but failed in House of Lords
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Flashcard (108)