bowen (TEST 3) block 1

cardiovascular chapter and lecture notes

a-fib

arterial fibrilation

AED

automated external defibrillator

ICD

implantable cardiovater-defibrillator

CC

cardiac catheterization

CVI

chronic venous insufficiency

CABG

coronary artery bypass graft

CAD

coronary artery disease

ECG

electrocardiogram

HTN

hypertension

MI

myocardial infarction

PAD

peripheral artery disease

PVD

peripheral vascular disease

TST

thallium stress test

tPA

tissue plasminogen activator

v fib

ventricular fibrillation

cardiovascular

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

blood

the fluid tissue of the body that transports oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues

heart

a small (fist sized), hollow, muscular organ located in between the lungs

function heart

to effectively pump blood and to maintain blood flow needed throughout the entire body

apex

the lower tip of the heart

pericardial sac

what is an alternative name for the pericardium?

pericardium

the double-walled membrane enclosing the heart

parietal pericardium

the very outer layer of the membrane, a fibrous sac surrounding and protecting the heart

pericardial fluid

a lubricative fluid, found between the outer and inner layers of the pericardium, that prevents friction when the heart beats

visceral pericardium

the inner layer of the pericardium, or the outermost layer of the heart

epicardium

what is the visceral pericardium called when referred to as the “outermost layer of the heart?”

myocardium

middle, thickest of 3 heart layers consisting of specialized myocardial muscle and responsible for heart contraction and relaxation

endocardium

consists of epithelial tissue, the surface that directly contacts blood as it is pumped into and out of the heart

coronary arteries

the arteries supplying oxygen rich blood to the myocardium

atria

the two upper chambers of the heart that receive all blood that is pumped into the heart

interatrial septum

the wall separating the left and right atria from one another

ventricles

the two lower chambers responsible for pumping blood throughout the entire body

thicker

the walls of the ventricles are _____ than those in the atria

ventricle (not pertaining to the cardiovascular system)

a normal hollow chamber of the brain

interventricular septum

the wall separating the left and right ventricles from one another

tricuspid valve

valve controlling the opening between the right atrium and ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve

valve located in between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery that is shaped like a half moon

mitral valve

valve between left atrium and ventricle

bicuspid valve

what is another name for the mitral valve?

aortic semilunar valve

valve located between the left ventricle and pulmonary artery that is shaped like a half moon

oxygenated

oxygen rich, containing adequate oxygen

deoxygenated

oxygen poor, not yet containing adequate oxygen supply

1st step of blood flow

the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from all tissues, except the lungs, through the superior vena cava. blood flows out of the right atrium through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

2nd step of blood flow

the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs

3rd step of blood flow

the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins. the blood flows out of the left atrium, through the mitral valve, and into the left ventricle

4th step of blood flow

the left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium, blood flows out of the left ventricle through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta. the aorta carries the blood to all parts of the body (not the lungs)

pulmonary circulation

the flow of blood between the heart and lungs only

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs

arteries

oxygenated blood is usually carried by?

lungs

where is carbon dioxide exchanged for fresh oxygen (where does deoxygenated blood become oxygenated)?

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

veins

deoxygenated blood is usually carried by?

systemic circulation

the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

left ventricle

pumps oxygenated blood out of the heart and into arterial circulation

heartbeat

the contraction and relaxation of the heart to pump blood throughout the body

electrical impulses

how is the rate and regularity of the heartbeat determined?

conduction system

the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and bundle of his that control the nerve-stimulated electrical impulses

natural pacemaker

the sinoatrial node is also called the?

location sinoatrial node

the posterior wall of the right atrium, by the superior vena cava entrance

function sinoatrial node

establishes basic rhythm and rate of heartbeat and starts the waves of muscle contraction in the atria, pushing blood into the ventricles

location atrioventricular node

floor of the right atrium, near the interatrial septum

function atrioventricular node

to transmit electrical impulses received by the SA node (sinoatrial node) to the bundle of his

bundle of his

a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum

function bundle of his

to carry an electrical impulse to stimulate heart contractions and to send said impulses forward to the ventricles

location purkinje fibers

within the walls of the ventricles

function purkinje fibers

relay electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles, stimulating their contraction and forcing blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries

sinus rhythm

the normal beating of the heart

P wave

the wave shown on an electrocardiogram that results from the contraction of the atria

QRS complex

what is shown on an electrocardiogram that results from the contraction of the ventricles (which contracts as the atria relax)

T wave

the wave shown on an electrocardiogram that results from the relaxation of the ventricles

arteries, capillaries, veins

what are the three types of blood vessels?

structure arteries

muscular and elastic vessels composed of three layers

arterial blood

bright red (due to the adequate oxygen supply)

aorta

the largest blood vessel in the body (beginning from left ventricle) that forms the main trunk of the arterial system

carotid arteries

the major arteries on both sides of the neck that carry blood upward to the head

internal carotid artery

a division of the common carotid artery that brings oxygenated blood directly to the brain

external carotid artery

division of the common carotid artery that brings blood to the face

arterioles

the smaller, thinner arteries that deliver blood to the capillary bed

structure capillaries

one epithelial cell in thickness, smallest blood vessels in body

function capillaries

form networks that deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissue cells; slow blood flow to exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste with tissues

10%

this percentage of fluid left behind in the tissues becomes lymph

90%

this percent of fluid becomes deoxygenated, and contains waste

venules

the smallest veins of the body that join to form larger veins

structure veins

the walls of veins are thin and less elastic than those of the arteries

superficial veins

located near the body surface

deep veins

located within the tissues and further away from the body surface

venae cavae

the two largest veins in the body that are responsible for returning blood to the heart

superior vena cava

transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart

inferior vena cava

transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart

pulse

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the heart’s contraction

blood pressure

the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

systolic pressure

the highest pressure against the walls of an artery that occurs when the ventricles contract

diastolic pressure

the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery that occurs when ventricles are relaxed

blood composition: 45%

formed elements

blood composition: 55%

liquid plasma

plasma

straw colored fluid that contains nutrients, hormones and waste products

plasma composition: 91%

water

plasma composition: 9%

proteins

serum

plasma fluid that has been separated from blood cells and clotting proteins

fibrinogen, prothrombin

the clotting proteins of the plasma that help to control bleeding