Studied by 1 person
Praying to god I pass this one
Which of the following is not a function of the Linux kernel?
A. Allocating memory for use by programs
B. Allocating CPU time for use by programs
C. Creating menus in GUI programs
D. Controlling access to the hard drive
E. Enabling programs to use a network
C. GUI programs create menus with the help of a library that’s designed for this purpose; this is not a function of the Linux kernel. Thus option C is a non-kernel function, and it is correct. The kernel allocates memory and CPU time, and it also controls access to disk and network hardware, so options A, B, D, and E all describe kernel functions and are incorrect.
Which of the following is an example of an embedded Linux OS?
A. Android
B. SUSE
C. CentOS
D. Debian
E. Fedora
A. Android is used on smartphones, tablet computers and other small portable devices. As such, it qualifies as an embedded OS, making option A correct. SUSE, CentOS, Debian, and Fedora are all examples of distributions intended mainly for use on desktop, laptop, and server computers; these do not qualify as embedded OSs, so option B, C, D, and E are all incorrect.
Which of the following is a notable difference between Linux and Mac OS X?
A. Linux can run common GNU programs, whereas OS X cannot.
B. Linux’s GUI is based on the X Window System, whereas OS X’s is not.
C. Linux cannot run on Apple Macintosh hardware, whereas OS X can run only on Apple hardware
D. Linux relies heavily on BSD software whereas OS X uses no BSD software.
E. Linux supports text-mode commands, but OS X is a GUI-only OS.
B. Linux’s GUI is based on the X Window System. Although OS X provides an X implementation, its primary GUI is Apple’s proprietary product. Thus option B is correct. Option A is incorrect because both Linux and OS C can run most GNU programs. Option C is incorrect because Linux can run most GNU programs. Option C is incorrect because Linux can run on most Apple Macintosh and commodity PC hardware. Option D is incorrect because OS X includes many BSD utilities in its standard form. Furthermore, most Linux distributions use GNU utilities rather than their BSD equivalents, although you can use BSE utilities in Linux if you prefer. Option E is incorrect because both Linux and OS X support text-mode commands, although OS X makes it hard to use these commands in anything but its GUI Terminal application.
True or false: The linux kernel is derived from the BSD kernel.
False. The Linux kernel was intended as a “from-scratch” project to create a new Unix-like kernel. Although there are influences and similarities, the two kernels are largely independent of each other.
True or false: If you log in to a Linux system in graphical mode, you cannot use text-mode commands in that session.
False. Programs known as terminals enable entry of text-mode commands after you’ve logged into Linux in GUI mode. You can also switch between multiple virtual terminals by using keystrokes such as Ctrl+Alt+F2.
True or false: CentOS is a Linux distro with a long release cycle.
True. CentOS’s release cycle is approximately every two years, which is long by the standards of Linux distributions, some of which have release cycles of just 6 months.
A Linux text-mode login prompt reads _________.
login:
A common security program with Windows that’s essentially nonexistent on Linux is ________.
viruses
Prerelease software that’s likely to contain bugs is known as _____ and ____.
alpha and beta
Linux distros that have no version number but instead release upgrades in an ongoing manner is said to have a(n) _______ release cycle.
rolling
Which of the following is not required in order for software to be certified as open source?
A. The license must not discriminate against people or groups of people
B. The license must not require that the software be distributed as part of a specific product
C. The license must require that changes be distributed under the same license.
D. The program must come with source code, or the author must make it readily available on the Internet.
E. The license must automatically apply to anybody who acquires the software.
C. The open source definition specifies that users should be able to distribute changes, but it doesn’t require that users distribute the software under the terms of the same license. Thus option C does not describe an open source requirements and so it is the correct answer. Options A, B, D, and E all paraphrase actual open source license term requirements.
Which is true of Linux distributions as a whole?
A. They’re covered by the GPL or the BSD license, depending on the distribution.
B. Sometimes they may not be copied because of the non-open source software they may contain.
C. They may be copied only after software using the MIT license is removed.
D. They all completely conform to the principles of the open source movement.
E. They all qualify as free software, as the FSF uses the term.
B. Some distributions (particularly Enterprise versions that are sold for money) include software that is neither open source nor even freely redistributable, so option B is correct. Distributions as a whole use many licenses, not just one, so option A is incorrect. The MIT license is one of several open-source licenses; such software is not an impediment to copying a distribution, so option C is incorrect. Although some distributions, such as Debian, aim to make their main systems fully open-source compliant, not all do this, so option D is incorrect. Likewise, not all distributions are composed completely of free software as the FSF uses the term.
Which of the following is a key part of the FSF’s philosophy?
A. Developers should use the latest version of the FSF’s GPL
B. Users should have the right to modify free software and dsitrubute it under a commerical license.
C. Developers should write software only for free operating systems such as GNU/Linux
D. Users should engage in civil disobedience by copying proprietary software.
E. Users must have the right to use software as they see fit.
E. Option E paraphrases one of the four key points in the FSF’s philosophy, and so it is correct. Contrary to option A, the FSF’s philosophy does not mandate the use of the GPL, much less its most reason version, although the GPL is the FSF’s preferred license. Option B is contrary to the FSF’s position, which is that free software should remain free; however, this option is compatible with the OSI’s philosophy. Although the FSF advocates free software and free OSs, option C is not an explicit part of their philosophy so it is incorrect. Although the FSF wants to see a world dominated by free software, they do not advocate software piracy, so option D is incorrect.
True or false: Copyright law governs the distribution of software in most countries
True. Courts and laws explicitly recognize computer software as being creative works that are governed by copyright law. In some countries, patent laws also apply to software, although this is not globally true.
True or false: The FSF’s free software definition and the OSI’s 10 principles of open source software both require that users have the ability to examine a program’s workings-that is, its source code.
True. This principle is at the heart of both free software and the open source software definitions.
True or false: Because their hardware designs are proprietary, hardware vendors cannot release open source drivers for their products.
False. Hardware vendors often do release open source drivers for their products. One caveat is that the release of open source drivers necessarily render some programming interfaces for the hardware open, which some hardware vendors are reluctant to do.
A license created by the FSF and often used for libraries is the ______________.
LGPL (or Lesser GPL, or Lesser General Public License)
An organization devoted to promoting open source-like principles in fields such as video and audio recordings is the ____________.
Creative commons.
The FSF’s general principles are summarized by the term ________________, which refers to using copyright laws for purposes that are in some ways contrary to copyright’s original intent.
copyleft.
Users can motivate programmers to work on open source projects by offering a(n) ____________ to whomever completes the project first.
bounty.
What type of multitasking does Linux use?
A. Preemptive
B. Multiuser
C. Cooperative
D. Single-tasking
E. Single-user
A. Linux’s multitasking is preemptive, meaning that the kernel can give CPU time to any process as it sees fit, potentially interrupting (or preempting) other processes. Thus option A is correct. Linux is a multiuser OS, but multiuser is not a type of multitasking, so option B is incorrect. In a cooperative multitasking OS, applications must voluntarily give up CPU time to each other. Although Linux programs can signal the OS that they don’t need CPU time, Linux doesn’t rely exclusively on this method, so option C is incorrect. A single-tasking OS can run just one process at a time, so option D is incorrect. A single-user OS can support just one user at a time. Such OSs can be either single tasking or multitasking, and in the latter case, could use either cooperative or preemptive multitasking, Thus option E is incorrect.
Which of the following is a characteristic of all open source software?
A. The software cannot be sold for a profit; it must be distributed free of charge
B. It must be distributed with both the source code and binaries.
C. Users are permitted to redistribute altered versions of the original software.
D. The software was originally written at a college or university.
E. The software must be written in an interpreted language that requires no compilation.
C. The open source definition includes 10 points, one of which is that users may modify the original code and redistribute the altered version. Thus option C is correct. Although, as a practical matter, all open source software is available at no charge, nothing in the open source definition forbids selling it. In practice, many organizations and individuals do sell open source software, either as a convenience or in value-added arrangements. Thus option A is incorrect. The open source definition requires distribution of source code, but does not require distribution of binaries. Thus option B is incorrect. Although some open source software, including the Linux kernel, began life in academia, this is not true of all open source software, so option D is incorrect. The open source definition does not specify that either an interpreted or a compiled language be used, and in fact both have been used to write open source software, so option E is incorrect.
Whcih of the following programs is most likely to be installed and regularly useed on a decktop computer that runs Linux?
A. Apache
B. Postfix
C. Android
D. Evolution
E. BIND
D. Evolution is an email reader program. Such programs are common on desktop computers, so option D is correct. Apache is a web server, Postfix is an email server, and the BIND is a DNS server. Such servers are much less likely to be installed on desktop computers than are client programs such as Evolution, so options A, B, and E are all incorrect. Android is that name of a Linux distribution for smartphones and tablets, so option C is incorrect.
True or false: VMS was a common Os on x86 PCs at the time Linux was created.
False. VMS was an Os for minicomputers and mainframes when Linux was created. On x86 computers, DOS was the dominant OS in 1991.
True or false: Some DVRs run Linux
True. Digital video recorders are specialized computers for recording TV shows. Some commercial DVRs, such as TiVos, run Linux natively. DVR software for standard PCs, such as MythTV, which runs under Linux, also exists.
True or false: A linux computer being used as a server generally does not require X.
True. Most server programs do not require the X Window System (X) GUI, so server computer administrators often disable X or even remove it entirely to save disk space and memory and to minimize the risk of security problems.
Linux uses a(n)_________ kernel design, as contrasted with a microkernel design.
monolithic
A type of software that’s distributed for free but that requires payment on the honor system if a person uses it is called ______________.
shareware
A(n) ___________ computer is likely to run a word processor and web browser.
desktop
The _______ software package is an example of a web server written for the Linux server environment.
Apache
Which of the following are Linux desktop environments? (select all that apply)
A. GTK+
B. GNOME
C. KDE
D. Evolution
E. Xfce
B, C, E. GNOME, KDE, and Xfce are all Linux desktop environments, so options B, C, and E are all correct. (Others include LXDe and Unity.) The GIMP Toolkit (GTK+) is a GUI programming library. Although GNOME and Xfce are both built atop GTK+, it’s not a desktop environment, so option A is incorrect. Evolution is a Linux email client, not a desktop environment, so option D is incorrect.
If you want to enable on Linux computer to access files stored on another Linux computer’s hard disk, which of the following network protocols is the best choice?
A. SMTP
B. NFS
C. PHP
D. DNS
E. DHCP
B. The NFS was designed exactly for the task described in the question, so option B is correct. SMTP enables one computer to send email messages to another computer, so it’s a poor choice for achieving the stated goal and option A is incorrect. The PHP language is used to generate dynamic content for web pages, so option C is incorrect. DNS is a protocol for delivering the mappings between hostnames and IP addresses to computers, so it won’t easily achieve the stated goals, making option D incorrect. DHCP enables one computer to provide network configuration information to another one over a network link, so option E is incorrect.
In which of the following languages was most of the Linux kernel written?
A. Bash shell script
B. Java
C. C
D. C++
E. Perl
C. The main language for the Linux kernel is C, so option C is correct. Although Bash shell scripts control much of the Linux startup process, these scripts are not part of the kernel, so option A is incorrect. Java is a popular language for web-based applications, but it’s not used in the Linux kernel, so option B is incorrect. C++ is a derivative of C that adds object-oriented features to the language, but the Linux kernel uses regular C, not C++, so option D is incorrect. Perl is a popular interpreted language, particularly for tasks that involve processing text, but it’s not the language of the Linux kernel, so option E is incorrect.
True or false: OpenOffice.org forked from Calligra
False. LibreOffice forked from the pre-APache version of OpenOffice.org in 2011. Calligra split from the KOffice office suite, which is no longer maintained.
True or false: Malicious outsiders can disrupt servers even if the computer that runs them is never broken into.
True. A denial-of-service (DoS) attack can disrupt a server’s operation by directing and overwhelming quantity of bogus data at the server program, or even just the computer on which it runs. THis is true even if the server is impeccably managed.
True or false: Python is generally implemented as an interpreted language.
True. Python, like Perl, PHP, and shell languages, is interpreted. This contrasts with C and C++, which are two common compiled languages, and with Java, which is somewhere in-between.
Thunderbird is a(n) _______ program. (Specify the general category of the software)
email client
A Linux server that handles the SMB/CIFS protocol normally runs the __________ software.
Samba
A program written in a(n) _______ programming language is completely converted to binary form before being run.
compiled
You can install and manage various Linux software applications via a(n) ___________ management style.
Package
Which of the following commands provides the most information about your motherboard’s features?
A. lscpu
B. Xorg -configure
C. fdisk -l /dev/sda
D. lspci
E. http://localhost:631
D. The lspci command displays information on PCI devices. Since many motherboard features appear to Linux as PCI devices, option D provides a great of information on you motherboard, and so it is correct. Option A’s lscpu command provides information on the CPU, which means that it provides little direct information on the motherboard, so option A is incorrect. The xorg program is the Linux X server, and option B creates a new X configuration file. This file might provide hints about video hardware on the motherboard, but option D provides better and more information, so option B is incorrect. The fdisk utility can partition a disk, and the command in option C displays information on how /dev/sda is partitioned. This information has nothing to do with the motherboard’s features, though, so option C is incorrect. You can enter option E in a web browser to configure your printer, but even if you do this, you’ll gain no information about you motherboard’s features, so option E is incorrect.
Why might you want to partition a hard disk? (select all that apply)
A. To install more than one OS on the disk
B. To use ext4fs rather than ReiserFS
C. To turn a PATA disk into an SATA disk
D. To separate filesystem data from swap space
E. To separate the disk’s cache from its main data
A, D. Disk partitioning enables you to separate data of different types into different parts of a disk. Examples of reasons to do this include installing multiple OSs and separating filesystem data from swap space. Thus options A and D are both correct. Filesystem choice has nothing to do with partitioning unless you want to use one filesystem for one partition and the other on another partition, so option B is incorrect. PATA and SATA are hardware standards; you can’t turn a PATA disk into a SATA disk by partitioning the disk, so option C is incorrect. Hard disks have caches to improve performance, but partitioning the disk does not separate the disk’s cache from the bulk of the disk’s data, so option E is incorrect.
Which of the following devices is not commonly attached via USB?
A. Video monitors
B. Keyboards
C. External hard disk
D. Printers
E. Scanners
A. Video monitors normally attach to the video circuitry built into a computer’s motherboard or to a separate video card, so option A is correct. Keyboards, external hard disks, printers, and scanners all commonly connect to a computer via USB, although alternative interfaces exist for all of these devices.
True or false: An Intel 64 CPU is capable of running a Linux distribution identifies as being for the AMD64 CPU.
True. Most CPU families have multiple names. EM64T is one name that Intel has used for its implementation of the x86-64 architecture, and AMD64 is one of AMD’s names for the same architecture. Thus the two names identify the same architecture, and an AMD64 Linuxdistribution will run on an EM64T CPU.
True or false: UDF is a good filesystem to use for a Linux installation on a hard disk.
False. The UDF is a filesystem thats used primarily on optical discs, not on hard disks. Using it for a Linux installation on a hard disk would be awkward or impossible. Linux-specific filesystems are the only practical choices for Linux installations on a hard disk.
True or false: The Linux kernel includes drivers for various disk and controllers, network adapters, and USB interfaces, among other things.
True. In Linux, most drivers, including those specified, are provided as part of the kernel. Some other drivers, such as those for video cards under X, printers, and scanners, exist outside of the kernel, although these may also rely on kernel drivers to do their work.
The x86 CPU uses a(n) __-bit architecture.
32
A computer power supply converts electricity from alternating current to _________ ___________.
direct current
The __________ standard is a modern video interface that’s commonly used on computer monitors.
DVI (Digital Visual Interface)
A piece of software that “talks” to hardware is known as a(n) ___________.
driver
What keystroke moves the cursor to the start of the line when typing a command in Bash?
A. Ctrl + A
B. Left arrow
C. Ctrl + T
D. Up arrow
E. Ctrl + E
A. The Ctrl+A keystroke moves the cursor to the start of the line when editing a command in Bash, so option A is correct. THe left-arrow key moves a single character to the left, Ctrl+T transposes two characters, the up arrow moves up one item in the history, and Ctrl+E moves to the end of the line.
How can you run a program in the background when launching it from a shell? (select all that apply)
A. Launch the program by typing “start command” where command is the command that you want to run.
B. Launch the program by typing “bg command“ where command is the command that you want to run.
C. Append an ampersand (&) to the end of the command line.
D. Launch the program normally, type Ctrl + Z in the shell, and then type bg in the shell.
E. Launch the program normally, type Ctrl + Z in the shell, then type fg in the shell.
C, D. Options C and D describe ways the run a program in the background from a shell, so options C and D are both correct. Neither start nor bg is a command that launches a program in the background. The fg command returns a program to the foreground, meaning that the shell will go back to sleep, which isn’t what the question specifies.
Which of the following commands is an improved version of more?
A. grep
B. html
C. cat
D. less
E. man
D. The less program, like more, displays a text file a page a ta time. The less utility also includes the ability to page backward in the text file, search its contents, and do other things that more can’t do. Thus option D is correct. The grep command searches a file for a specified string, so it doesn’t do a task that’s similar to more, and option A is incorrect. The HTML is in a file format, often indicated with the filename extension .html, that’s commonly used on the Webt. As such, it’s not a better version of more, so option B is incorrect. The cat command cna concatenate two or more files, or display a single file on the screen. In the former capacity, cat doesn’t do the task of more, and in the latter capacity, cat is less capable than more. Thus option C is incorrect. The man command displays Linux manual pages. Although man uses less by default, man is not itself an improved version of more, so option E is incorrect.
True or false: Pressing Alt + F2 in the GUI brings up a text-mode display that you can use to log in to Linux.
False. When in X, Ctrl must be added to the VT-switching keystroke, so the correct keystroke should be Ctrl+Alt+F2.
True or false: You can force man to display a man page in a specific section of the manual by preceding the search name with the section number.
True. When you want to override man’s search order, you specify the desired manual section between man and the command name, filename, or other name on which you’re searching.
True or false: info pages are a web-based documentation format.
False. Although info pages, like web pages, use hyperlinks to tie related documents together, the two systems use different formats and protocols. info pages also reside on the computer’s hard disk; they require no Internet access to read. FOr these reasons, info pages are not web-based.
True or false: Linux documentation in the /usr/share/doc directory tree is almost always in OpenDocument text format.
False. Individual program authors decide on a documentation file format based on their own specific needs and preferences. Although some documents are in OpenDocuent Text format, many documents are not.
Type logout or _______ to end a text-mode terminal session.
exit
Each document in an info page is known as a(n) __________.
node
The ___________ command searches a database of filenames, enabling you to identify files quickly whose names match a term that you specify.
locate
Which of the following commands would you type to rename a file?
A. mv
B. cp
C. ln
D. rn
E. touch
A. The mv command moves or renames a file, so option A is correct. The cp command copies a file, so option B is incorrect. The ln command creates a link between two files, so option C is incorrect. Option D’s rn command is fictitious, so this option is incorrect. THe touch command creates a new file or adjusts the time stamps on an existing file, so option E is incorrect.
You want to copy a directory, to a USB flash driver that uses the FAT filesystem. You type “cp -a myfiles/ media/usb“. What problem will occur when you attempt to copy these files?
A. The command will fail because it tries to create links
B. The myfiles directory will be copied, but none of its files will be copied
C. One file will be missing on the USB flash drive
D. One file’s name will be changed during the copy
E. Everything will be fine, the command will work correctly.
C. Because two files have names that only differ in case, and because FAT is a case-insensitive filesystem, one of those files will be missing on the copy. Thus option C is correct. The specified cp command does not create links, so option A is incorrect. BEcause the specified cp command included the -a option, which performs a recursive copy, all the files in the directory will be copied, along with the directory itself, so option B is incorrect. In order to copy all the files, you will have to change one file’s name manually; however, cp won’t do this automatically, so option D is incorrect. Because option C is correct, option E is not correct.
You type mkdir one/two/three and receive an error “No such file or directory“. What can you do to overcome this problem? (select all that apply)
A. Add the —parents parameter to the mkdir command
B. Issue three separate mkdir commands: mkdir one, then mkdir one/two, then mkdir one/two/three
C. Type touch /bin/mkdir to be sure that the mkdir program file exists
D. Tye rmdir one to clear away the interfering base of the desired new directory tree.
E. Type rm -r one to clear away the entire interfering directory tree.
A, B. If you try to create a directory inside a directory that doesn’t exist, mkdir responds with an error. The —parents parameter tells mkdir to create all necessary parent directories automatically in such situations, so option A is correct. You can also manually do this by creating each directory separate, so B is correct. Option C will have no useful effect; at most, it will change the time stamps on the mkdir program file, but if you type it as a normal user, it probably wont even do that. Options D and E are both based on the premise that you must remove directories that already exist with the names that you want to use, but this isn’t true, so these options are both incorrect.
True or false: You can create a symbolic link from one low-level filesystem to another.
True. Symbolic links work by storing the name of the linked-to file in the symbolic link file. Linux reads this filename and transparently substitutes the linked-to file. This process works both on a single file-system and across filesystem, so the statement is true. Hard links, by contrast, work by providing multiple directory entries that point to a single file. This method of creating a link does NOT work across low-level filesystems.
True or false: You can easily damage your Linux installation by mistyping an rm command when you log into your regular account.
False. Linux’s security features prevent accidental damage when you work as an ordinary user. You must be more careful when you acquire root privileges to perform system maintenance, though.
True or false: You can set a directory’s time stamps with the touch command.
True. The touch command updates a file’s time stamps, and for this purpose, a directory counts as a file, so this statement is true.
You want to copy a file to the backups directory, but if a file with the same name already exists, you want to go ahead with the copy only if the file in the source location is newer than the one in backups. The command to do this is cp ____ origfile.txt backups/.
-u OR --update
You’ve typed rmdir junk to delete the junk directory, but this command has failed because junk contains word processing files. What command might you type to do the job?
rm -R junk, rm -r junk, rm --recursive junk
Which wildcard character matches any one symbol in a filename?
?
What directory primarily contains system configuration files?
/etc
Note 
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