AP HUG MEGA REVIEW

Malthusian Theory

Theory of exponential population and arithmetic food supply growth.

Malthusian Catastrophe

Reaching carrying capacity and experiencing War, Famine, Spread of Disease, and Eventual Destruction of Society

Neo-Malthusians

The exponential growth rate of the population does not match the amount of available natural resources.

1st Ravenstein's law of migration

Most Migration happens for economic reason and is done by young adults

2nd Ravenstein's law of migration

Migrants often travel short distances and travel in short distances and in Step Migration

3rd Ravenstein's law of migration

Migrants are more likely to move from rural to urban areas

4th Ravenstein's law of migration

When migration occurs, a counter stream occurs

5th Ravenstein's law of migration

Large urban areas grow through migration than by natural births

6th Ravenstein's law of migration

Migration increases economic development

7th Ravenstein's law of migration

Women are more likely to move internally within a country and most international migrants are young males men

Epidemiology

A branch of medicine which deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of disease and other factors relating to health

Stage 1 of ETM

Pestilence, Famine, & Death

Epidemic

A disease that stays in a particular area and does not spread through the entire region or community

Stage 2 of ETM

Less deaths and Receding Pandemics

Stage 3 of ETM

Degenerative Disease

Stage 4 of ETM

Fighting Degenerative Disease

Stage 5 of ETM

Reemergence of Infectious Disease

Subsistence Agriculture

A type of farming where almost all of the crops or livestock raised are used by the farmer and their family (Food is not being grown for sale)

Stage 1 DTM

• High CBR and CDR

• Low NIR because CBR and CDR cancel each other out

• Societies are traditionally lacking sanitation, medicine, contraceptives

• Primary Sector Based

  • Subsistence Agriculture

• Majority of Human History

• J- Curve Pop. Pyramid

• No longer seen in countries

Stage 2 DTM

• Catalyse was the Industrial Revolution

• Enclosure Movement

• Increased Urbanization

  • Allowed Specialization, Increased food Surplus, Allowed advancements in Medicine

• Great Britain and USA first to enter this stage

  • Would then diffuse to Africa, Asia, and Latin America due to diffusion of technology and the medical revolution

• High CBR

• Rapidly decreasing CDR

• NIR is growing quick

• Increased migration to Urban areas

  • People seek economic opportunities in the city, in the secondary sector

• Increased Emigration

• Ex: Afghanistan

Stage 3 DTM

• CBR starts to decrease with CDR continuing

• NIR starts to have lower AROC

• Smaller families

• Medical Technology decreases IMR, Higher life expectancy

• Cultural Changes

  • Less strict gender roles, more rights for women

• More jobs in the manufacturing sector

• Creation of jobs in the third

• Less people Emigrate from countries where there are more jobs in the secondary and tertiary sector

• Ex: Mexico

• Pop pyramid: The center starts to fill out

Stage 4 DTM

• Low CBR and CDR

• NIR becoming constant

• More job opportunities for citizens, Higher education rates for women, more jobs in tertiary, more regional migration

• Experiences Z.P.G

  • Zero Population growth

• More people are focused on careers, pushing abc the age people are married and have kids

• Cost of living increases

  • Decreased disposable income

• Decreased TFR

  • Harder to economically support a family

• Changing gender roles

  • Women are gaining equity and lowers CDR and IMR

• Gain access to better healthcare and nutritious food

• EX: United States and China

• Pop Pyramid: Box shaped 

Stage 5 DTM

• Negative NIR

• CBR goes below the CDR

• Ex: Japan and Germany

• Pop Pyramid: Coffin

• Countries have to have a TFR above 2.1

  • Countries in this stage typically have a lowered TFR

DTM Model

Types of Distortion

Direction, Shape, Area, Distance

Interrupted Map

A map that tries to remove distortion by removing parts of the Globe

Uninterrupted Map

A map that displays the entirety of the earth's surface

Mercator Projection

Mercator Map

A conformal projection that shows true direction between places but distorts the shape,location,and size of land masses. Originally used for maritime travel

• Focuses on longitude and latitude

• Right Angles

• Major Distortion at poles

Mercator Projection Distortion

Size and Shape

Goode Homolosine Projection

Goode Homolosine Projection

An equal-area pseudocylindrical projection that excels at maintaining accurate land mass size.This projection minimizes distortion across the map because it is an interrupted map. However, it is hard to accurately view the entire world with this projection.

• Oval

• Maintain size and shape

Goode Homolosine Projection Distortion

Distance and edges

Robinson Projection

Robinson Projection

A projection with more distortion near the poles, which helps preserve the size and shape of landmasses. This projection spreads distortion evenly out across shape, size, and direction, making it less noticeable

• Uninterrupted

• Straight at poles and rounder at equator

Robinson Projection Distortion

All S.S.A.D equally distorted

Most notably at poles

Gall- Peters Projection

Gall- Peters Projection

A projection that excels at showing the true size of the Earth’s landmasses. However, this projection significantly distorts the shape of the landmasses and also direction

Gall- Peters Projection Distortion

Shape and Direction.

Absolute Direction

The exact direction you are heading

Absolute Distance

The exact distance between two places

• Usually measured in miles or kilometers

Relative Direction

The direction depends on the surrounding area

Relative Distance

An approximate measurement between two places

• Usually measured in time and direction

Reference Map

An informational map that shows boundaries, names, places, and geographic features of an area

Topographic Map

A map that uses contour lines to display terrain and elevation changes

Thematic Map

A map that displayed spatial patterns and uses qualitative data to display specific topics

Choropleth Map

Choropleth Map

Display data using different colors and great to use for quantity and density

Choropleth Negatives

• Use generalizations

• Scale impacts data

Dot Density Map

Dot Density Maps

• Show data using points where data is occurring, shows spatial distribution

Dot Density Negatives

Hard to read with clusters

Graduated Symbol

Graduated Symbol

Use shapes or symbols to show location and amount of data

Graduated Symbol Negatives

Can become confusing due to overlapping information

Isoline Map

Isoline Map

Use lines to connect areas with similar or equal amounts of information

Commonly weather maps.

Isoline Map Negatives

Difficult to read

Cartogram

Cartogram

The greatest value is represented by largest area

Clearly show differences

Cartogram Negatives

Can be confusing due to distortion

Flow Line Map

Show movement of goods, people, animals, services, or ideas

Flow Line Map

Geospatial Technologies

A set of tools and/or techniques that are used to process, analyze, manage, visualize, or acquire spatial data

Remote Sensing

A process of collecting information about the Earth's surface from satellites orbiting the earth

Geographic Information System (GIS)

A computer that can collect, analyze, and display geographic data

• Layered Maps

Global Positioning System (GPS)

A network of satellites that are used to determine the location of something on the earth's surface

Field Observations

Firsthand observations from people visiting a place in the real world.

• Sometimes impossible to costs and practicality

Media Reports

Information from the media that reveals what people in an area are experiencing.

Travel Narratives

A collection of an individual’s experiences and observations of a place that shows a more personal perspective on the location

Government Documents

Show what a society values and what components of its culture are the most of its culture are the most important

Show how the land is being used and what systems are in place, what is happening during that time period.

Personal Interviews

Interviews with individuals to collect data on a place and gain insights by listening to a person’s unique perspective on the location.

Landscape Analysis

The process of studying and analyzing the physical and cultural characteristics of a landscape. Show impacts of people and other places.

Photo Analysis

The process of studying and analyzing photographs, images, or other visual representations of a landscape. Analyze to better understand culture, demographics, density, and what is happening

Qualitative Data

Information that is presented in word form is often up for interpretation and debate

• Subject to change based on who, how, and when

Quantitative Data

Information that can be counted and presented in number form

• Not up for debate

Census

Official count of population that collects data about demographics

• gender

• age

• people per home

• pop. density

• Race

Steam Engine

• Allowed for more factories to operate with assembly lines and machines instead of relying solely on workers completing tasks by hand

• Ships could now travel greater distances and faster speeds and no longer needed to rely on the wind

• Trains could transport goods and people across large distances faster

  • USA Transcontinental Railroad allowed for more trade across the country and increased amount of migration of people from coast to coast

Spinning Jenny and Power Loom

• Transformed the textile industry

• Could spin several spools of thread at once

• After Spinning Jenny, Power loom

• Could weave clothes and tapestries and allowed for mass production in the industry

• Both inventions helped reduce the cost of producing textiles, increased affordability, and increased output

Cottage Industry

Small-Scale business typically operated out of a person’s home 

• Individuals typically use traditional techniques and tools to produce custom goods by hand

• Prevalent Pre-Industrial Revolution

  • Companies mass producing as a result of industrialization, most cottage industries were put out of service

Primary Sector

Jobs and activities that involve extracting natural resources from the Earth

• Farmers, coal miners, fishermen, lumberjacks, etc.

Secondary Sector

Jobs and activities that raw resources to produce or manufacture products of greater value

• Use raw materials gathered from the primary sector and manufacture them into products of a greater value

Value-Added Products

Products that have been processes in a way that increases their overall value 

• Final products can be sold for a higher price than the original raw materials used to make it

Tertiary Sector

Jobs and activities that provide a service for other individuals 

• Located near consumers and near areas that require that specific service

  • This is started to change due to advancements in technology

  • The internet helps deliver services to people worldwide

• Lawers, Doctors, Servers, Real Estate Agents, Uber Driver, etc

Quaternary Sector

Jobs and activities that revolve around acquiring, processing, and sharing information

• Teachers, Professors, people in finance, insurance, etc.

Quinary Sector

Jobs and activities that revolve around making decisions

• CEOs, politicians, senators, the president

Pre-Industrial Economy

Majority of jobs are in the primary sector

Industrial Economy

Jobs in the secondary sector become more dominant 

• Primary sector jobs drastically decrease a jobs open up in the secondary and tertiary sectors

Post Industrial Society

When deindustrialization occurs

• Jobs in the secondary decline and the primary sector continues to decline

Jobs in the tertiary continue to grow and expand

Core Countries

Countries with the most advanced economies and highest standard of living

• Typically have a degree of political and economic influence over other countries and regions in the world

Semi-Periphery Countries

Countries that have emerging economies that are industrializing

• Located between core and periphery countries in terms of development

Periphery Countries

Countries that still rely heavily on the exportation of raw resources to more economically developed countries

• Typically these countries are the least economically developed and have a lower standard of living

Break of Bulk Points

A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transport to another

• EX: Ports have cargo ships that unload goods and place them on trucks or trains. These then travel inland to get to a distribution center or to a place where the good will be sold

Transportation Costs

Shipping costs connected to the moving of resources and materials for producing a good and shipping the good throughout the market

Labor Costs

Costs that come from workers producing the product itself

Agglomeration

Clustering of different economic activities and industries in a specific geographic area

• Happens because businesses want to reduce their overall costs by taking advantage of larger labor forces, benefiting from existing infrastructure, utilizing different services and knowledge bases in an area

Alfred Weber’s Least Cost Theory

States that production should be located where transportation and labor costs are minimized and where agglomeration are maximized

Bulk-Reducing Good

A product that becomes lighter and easier to transport as production occurs

• Have heavy and bulking raw resources that are used in the production of the goof

• The final product is often lighter and more maneuverable

• More likely to have their production located near the raw resources

• Cheaper to send the heavy raw materials a short distance and then the lighter product farther to the market

• More likely to located near the heaviest resource

Bulk-Gaining Good

A product that becomes heavier and more difficult to transport as production occurs

• Often are made up of resources that are actually lighter and more maneuverable compared to the final product

• More likely to have their production occur closer to the market

• Decreases the company spends on shipping as they don't have to ship the heavier product as far

Criticisms of Weber’s Least Cost Theory

Oversimplifies the factors that influence location of production

Fails to consider factors such as:

• Government policies

• Cultural Preferences

• Environmental concerns