13: Health Psychology

Defense mechanisms

________ are a specific type of emotion- focused coping, and they are used to avoid, deny, or distort sources of threat or anxiety, including threats to ones elf image.

Psychosomatic disorders

________: Illnesses in which psychological factors contribute to bodily damage or to damaging changes in bodily functioning.

Complementary

________ and alternative medicine: A rang of treatments that emphasize importance of attention to the mind, spirit, and environment, as well as the body.

Hassles

________ (or micro stressors) refer to stressors that are smaller in scope but ongoing, including a difficult commute to work or regularly having to deal with people making discriminatory remarks or inappropriate jokes at your expense.

Appraisals

________ are guided by beliefs about perceived control and competence to cope with the stressor, unpredictability of the stressor, and pressure.

good communication

Minimizing noncompliance requires that healthcare providers use ________ and interpersonal skills to build a trusting relationship with patients and clients.

ineffective behavior

To minimize ________ when you are stressed, you can slow down, get organized, balance work and relaxation, accept your limits, seek social support, and write about your feelings.

Refusal

________ skills training: A program that teaches youths how to resist pressures to begin smoking (also can be applied to other drugs and health risks)

Stressor

________: Specific condition or event that challenges or threatens a person.

Traumatic stress

________ can have wide- ranging effects that are both physical (e.g., hypertension) and psychological (anxiety, feelings of vulnerability)

general adaption syndrome

The body reacts to stress in a series of stages called ________ (GAS)

Depression

________: A state of despondency marked by feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness.

Traumatic stresses

________: Extreme events that cause psychological injury or intense emotional pain.

Psychoneuroimmunology

________: Study of the links among behavior, stress, disease, and the immune system.

outcome of events

Learned helplessness: Belief that one can not control the ________.

Primary appraisal

________ is a broad- based and involves a basic decision about whether the stressor is positive, neutral, or a threat.

Somatic symptom disorder

________ (hypochondriasis): A disorder in which people convert general distress into excessive worry that they are seriously ill or dying.

Burnout

________: A work- related condition of mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion.

Mastery training

________: Reinforcement of responses that lead to mastery of a threat or control over ones environment.

Health psychology

________: Study of how cognitive and behavioral principles can be used to prevent illness and promote physical well- being.

Social support

________: Close, positive relationships with other people.

Secondary appraisal

________: Deciding how to cope with a threat or challenge.

Relationship

________- focused coping: Using relationships as a means of managing a stressful or threatening situation.

Alarm reaction

________: The first stage of the general adaption syndrome, during which body resources are mobilized to cope with a stressor.

physical condition

Stress is the mental and ________ that occurs when we adjust or adapt to the environment.

Behavioral risk factors

________: Behaviors that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death.

medical model

The ________ emphasized that the body is like a biological machine, and that physical illness requires a physical treatment (i.e., medicine)

Emotion

________- focused coping: Managing or controlling ones emotional reaction to a stressful or threatening situation.

Behavioral medicine

________: A medical specialty focused on the study of nonbiological factors influencing physical health and illness.

Life events

________ refer to stressors (both good and bad) that are larger scale, such as getting married or divorced, losing your job, or getting organized for a major holiday.

Hardy personality

________: A personality style associated with superior stress resistance.

imagery

Guided ________: Intentional visualization of images that are calming, relaxing, or beneficial in other ways.

biopsychosocial model

The ________ adopts a more holistic approach and assumes that good health is a function of biological, psychological, and social factors.

Bodily reactions

________ in GAS follow the pattern observed in the development of psychosomatic disorders.

Progressive relaxation

________: A method for producing deep relaxation of all parts of the body.

stressor

A(n) ________ is a condition or event that challenges or threatens a person.

General adaption syndrome

________: Three- stage model of stress response, consisting of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Primary appraisal

________: Deciding if a situation is relevant to oneself and if it is a threat.

Somatic symptom disorder

________, also known as hypochondriasis, is rooted in anxiety about general concerns; people convert this anxiety into a belief that something is wrong with them physically.

Relationship

________- focused coping is based on the idea that our relationships are important and that we are motivated to preserve them by engaging in strategies such as demonstrating empathy, compromising, and providing social support.

Health psychology

Study of how cognitive and behavioral principles can be used to prevent illness and promote physical well-being

Behavioral medicine

A medical specialty focused on the study of nonbiological factors influencing physical health and illness

Hardy personality

A personality style associated with superior stress resistance

Lifestyle disease

A disease related to health-damaging personal habits

Behavioral risk factors

Behaviors that increase the chances of disease, injury, or premature death

Refusal skills training

A program that teaches youths how to resist pressures to begin smoking (also can be applied to other drugs and health risks)

Life skills training

A program that teaches stress reduction, self-protection, decision-making, self-control, and social skills

Community Health Campaign

A community-wide education program that provides information about how to learn risk factors and promote health

Stress

Pressure or demand placed on an organism to adjust or adapt

Stressor

Specific condition or event that challenges or threatens a person

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

A scale that rates the impact of various life events on the likelihood of illness

Hassle (microstressor)

Any distressing, day-to-day annoyance

Primary appraisal

Deciding if a situation is relevant to oneself and if it is a threat

Secondary appraisal

Deciding how to cope with a threat or challenge

General adaption syndrome

Three-stage model of stress response, consisting of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Alarm reaction

The first stage of the general adaption syndrome, during which body resources are mobilized to cope with a stressor

Stage of resistance

The second stage of the general adaption syndrome, at which time the bodys sources are exhausted and serious health consequences occur

Stage of exhaustion

The third stage of the general adaption syndrome, at which time the bodys resources are exhausted and serious health consequences occur

Psychoneuroimmunology

Study of the links among behavior, stress, disease, and the immune system

Psychosomatic disorders

Illnesses in which psychological factors contribute to bodily damage or to damaging changes in bodily functioning

Learned helplessness

Belief that one cannot control the outcome of events

Depression

A state of despondency marked by feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness

Mastery training

Reinforcement of responses that lead to mastery of a threat or control over ones environment

Burnout

A work-related condition of mental, physical, and emotional exhaustion

Somatic symptom disorder (hypochondriasis)

A disorder in which people convert general distress into excessive worry that they are seriously ill or dying

Complementary and alternative medicine

A rang of treatments that emphasize importance of attention to the mind, spirit, and environment, as well as the body

Treatment noncompliance

Failure to comply with a treatment recommended by a healthcare provider

Coping

A tendency to change cognitions and behaviors to manage illness and more general life demands

Problem-focused coping

Directly managing or remedying a stressful or threatening situation

Emotion-focused coping

Managing or controlling ones emotional reaction to a stressful or threatening situation

Relationship-focused coping

Using relationships as a means of managing a stressful or threatening situation

Traumatic stresses

Extreme events that cause psychological injury or intense emotional pain

Acculturative stress

Stress caused by the many changes and adaptions required when a person moves to a foreign culture

Stress management

The application of cognitive and behavioral strategies to reduce stress and improve coping skills

Progressive relaxation

A method for producing deep relaxation of all parts of the body

Guided imagery

Intentional visualization of images that are calming, relaxing, or beneficial in other ways

Social support

Close, positive relationships with other people

Stress inoculation

Use of positive coping statements to control fear and anxiety

Negative self-statements

Self-critical thoughts that increase anxiety and lower performance

Coping statements

Reassuring, self-enhancing statements that are used to stop self-critical thinking

Three effects triggered by stress include

bodily effects, ineffective behavior, and upsetting thoughts

All of the following are good ways to manage bodily reactions to stress

Exercise, meditation, progressive relaxation, and guided imagery