APUSH term 1 exam -1 and 3p1

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

A constitution that granted all taxpaying men the right to vote and hold office and created a unicameral (one-house) legislature with complete power; there was no governor to exercise a veto. Other provisions mandated a system of elementary education and protected citizens from imprisonment for debt.

mixed government

the idea that government should represent both property and the number of people

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Northwest Ordinance of 1781

the act that established a territory that spanned S of the Great Lakes, NW of the Ohio River, and E of MS river. This territory prohibited slaver and set the path of the Civil War.

Shays's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Virginia Plan

Proposal to create a strong national government

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.

Anti-federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Federalist No. 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.

Judiciary Act of 1789

legislation passed by Congress that created the federal court system

bill of rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

report on the public credit

proposed by Hamilton to repair war debts; selling of securities and federal lands, assumption of state debts, set up the first National Bank

bank of the united states

a national bank funded by the federal government and wealthy investors

Report on Manufactures

A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports.

proclamation of neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

french revolution

a revolution in france that was initially welcomed by most americans because it began by abolishing feudalism and establishing a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem too radical to many

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 uprising by farmers in western Pennsylvania in response to enforcement of an unpopular excise tax on whiskey.

Jay's Treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Haitian Revolution

A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

XYZ affair

A 1797 incident in which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. The incident led the United States into an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies.

naturalization, Alien, and sedition acts

Three laws passed in 1798 that limited individual rights and threatened the fledgling party system. The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, the Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners, and the Sedition Act prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress.

virginia and kentucky resolutions

Written anonymously by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts, they declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional.

Treaty of Greenville

This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio. Anthony Wayne was the American representative.

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Treat of Ghent

Agreement signed in 1814 that ended the war of 1812

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Adams-Onís Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Neomercantilism

the idea that the nation should run a trade surplus

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy.

Commonwealth System

The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare.

Erie Canal

an artificial waterway connecting the Hudson river at Albany with Lake Erie at Buffalo

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Cotton complex

The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking, shipping, and capital.

Mechanics

Supplies, methods and materials that designers use to place and hold flowers and foliage in an arrangement.

Waltham-Lowell System

A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.

Gradual emancipation

a method of abolishing slavery slowly so that the transition from a slave to a wage labor system is less disruptive.

Manumission

release from slavery

Coastal trade

The domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley.

Inland system

The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South.

"Positive good"

The positive good theory is the idea that slavery was not, actually a "necessary evil," as Jefferson would describe it, but "a good-a positive good" institution for both blacks and whites in that whites get cheap manual labor and blacks benefit from the civilizing effect of being under the guidance of benevolent whites, and exposure to Christianity (John C. Calhoun's response)

Paternalism

(n.) the policy or practice of treating or governing people in the manner of a father dealing with his children

Machine tools

machines that made parts for other machines

Artisan republicanism

An ideology that celebrated small-scale producers, men and women who owned their own shops (or farms). It defined the ideal republican society as one constituted by, and dedicated to the welfare of, independent workers and citizens.

Unions

An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.

Labor Theory of Value

The belief that all value in produced goods is derived from labor

franchise

the right to vote

notables

Northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants who dominated the political system of the early nineteenth century.

political machine

a party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage

caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.

demographic transition

change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates

republican motherhood

The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children

american colonization society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

missouri compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

american system

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

internal improvements

Government-funded public works such as roads and canals

corrupt bargain

Refers to the presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect Adams rather than Jackson.

tariff of abominations

Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

nulification

states could refuse to obey federal laws that they believe are unconstitutional

second bank of the united states

a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency.

Indian removal act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

trail of tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

classical liberalism/laissez faire

The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy.

whig party

Political party formed in 1834 to oppose policies of Andrew Jackson

panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

specie circular

issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. It required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed.

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Benevolent Empire

A broad-ranging campaign of moral and institutional reforms inspired by evangelical Christian ideals and endorsed by upper-middle-class men and women in the 1820s and 1830s.

Maine Law

passed in 1851 in Maine, was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States.

American Renaissance

A literary explosion during the 1840s inspired in part by Emerson's ideas on the liberation of the individual.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Transcendentalism

A nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.

Utopias

Communities based on a vision of a perfect society

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons)

formed by Joseph Smith in 1830 and led to Utah by Brigham Young after Joseph Smiths death. Joseph Smith - formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints in 1830, deciphered the book of mormon from some golden plates given to him by an angel

plural marriage

more than two spouses simultaneously; polygamy

Minstrel shows

Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos. While today this is seen as racist, it does speak to the profound effect African American music had on American music

Penny papers

affordable newspapers introduced in 1833 created unprecedented mass audience

Free African Societies

Organizations in northern free black communities that sought to help community members and work against racial discrimination, inequality, and political slavery.

African Methodist Episcopal Church

Richard Allen founded this first independent black Protestant run church in 1816 in the US. It supported abolition and founded educational institutions for free blacks

David Walker's Appeal

It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Underground Railroad

a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Domesticity

home or family life

Female Moral Reform Society

Antiprostitution group founded by evangelical women in New York in 1834.

Married women's property laws

Law enacted between 1839 in 1860 in New York and other states that permitted marry women to own, inherent, and bequeath property

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Slave society

A society in which the institution of slavery affects all aspects of life.

Republican aristocracy

The Old South gentry that built impressive mansions, adopted the manners and values of the English landed gentry, and feared federal government interference with their slave property.

Great American Desert

Vast arid territory west of the Missouri River & east of the Rocky Mountains; encouraged westward expansion after Stephen Long's Expedition

Alamo

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.