period 4 head up

Pacific Northwest

A region of interest for its fur trade and potential for settlement that includes Oregon, Washington and Idaho.

Maine

Became the 23rd state in 1820 as part of the Missouri Compromise, entering the Union as a free state.

Democrats

Political party lead by Andrew Jackson from 1828 to 1856. Campaigned against strong central government and fought to end elitism.

12th amendment

This update to the Constitution to require separate electoral votes for president and vice president

John Quincy Adams

He served as 6th president, known for his role in formulating the Monroe Doctrine. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas.

Western Expansion

America's desire of gaining territories that were either not claimed or claimed by other countries, driven by the ideal of Manifest Destiny and facilitated by acts like the Homestead Act.

Anti-Masonic Party

Third political group in the race between Jackson and Quincy Adams

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) The 8th President of the United States that advocated for lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

"Favorite Son"

politician whose electoral appeal derives from their native/home state, rather than their political views

Davy Crockett

American pioneer who died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution.

Jim Bowie

An American frontiersman, who became a legendary figure due to his involvement in the Texas Revolution, notably at the Battle of the Alamo. He is also known for the large knife he carried, which bears his name.

"...and Tyler Too"

influential campaign song of the Whig Party's colorful Log Cabin Campaign in the 1840 United States presidential election. Its lyrics sang the praises of Whig candidates William Henry Harrison (the "hero of Tippecanoe") and this vice president, while denigrating incumbent Democrat Martin Van Buren.

49 Degree (parallel)

The treaty of 1818 set the boundary between US and british north America along this latitude

George Catlin

First painted portraits of American Indian Life. First person to envision the idea of a national park

Germans

Anti-slavery immigrants and was also the biggest group who contributed the Conestoga wagon and the Kentucky rifle to the American Culture

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that ruled labor unions and strikes were legal, significantly impacting labor rights.

Maysville Road Veto

An overrule by Jackson that prevented federal funding of a Kentucky route; this was a blow to Clay's American System, & it irritated the West.

Joseph Smith

American religious leader and founder of Mormonism

Noah Webster

American lexicographer, textbook pioneer, English-language spelling reformer, political writer, editor, and prolific author who published the first comprehensive American dictionary in 1828, standardizing American English.

Oberlin College

Evangelical college in Ohio that was the first institution of higher education to admit Blacks and women

Dorothea Dix

An American activist who significantly improved the treatment and conditions of the mentally ill through her advocacy and lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress

Susan B. Anthony

An American social reformer who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement

Divorce Bill

A law proposed by Van Buren to separate the government from banking operations, establishing an independent treasury system.

Pneumonia

William Henry Harrison died from this. lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid

28th State

Texas; state's annexation set off a chain of events that led to the Mexican-American War in 1846.

49th parallel

line of latitude dividing the United States' and Great Britain's portions of the Oregon Territory after 1846

Boston

Largest city in Massachusetts

Hudson River

a waterway that runs north to south in New York state, important for trade and transportation.

Market Economy

an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand

Salt Lake City

a city in and the capital of Utah founded in 1847 by Brigham Young and other Mormon pioneers. Capital of the Church of Mormonism

Elections of 1800

Jefferson won the presidency and led to the first peaceful transition of power between political parties in the U.S.

Judiciary Act of 1801

A law enacted by Congress and signed by President John Adams on February 13, 1801, that overhauled the federal court system. The act reduced the number of Supreme Court justices from six to five, eliminated circuit riding, and also expanded the circuit court system that was established by an earlier similar act. Also known as the Midnight Judges Act

William Marbury

One of the “midnight judges” appointed by John Adams whose denied commission led to the landmark Supreme Court case, suing the Secretary of State, James Madison.

Oregon

A state in the Pacific Northwest region acquired through the doctrine of "Manifest Destiny," jointly occupied by Britain and the U.S. before being formally ceded to the U.S. in 1846. of the United States. It has Columbia River delineating much of its northern boundary with Washington, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary with Idaho.

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 - Replaced the Embargo Act of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2.

Tippecanoe

Harrison's victory over Tecumseh (Shawnee) in Indiana in 1811. British gun powder proved that they were assisting the Shawnee and gave congress reason to declare war

Mr. Madison's War

Also another name for war of 1812. This president sent his war message to Congress. That message outlined what he believed to be America's chief diplomatic grievances with Britain: impressment, the British Orders in Council, and Britain's incitement of Indian warfare on America's western frontier.

Second War for Independence

Another name for the War of 1812

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

The American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Virginia Dynasty

Refers to the first four of five Presidents who were from this common state: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe.

Land Act (of 1820)

Legislation that facilitated the purchase of federal acres in the West at a low cost, promoting westward expansion. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

36°30' line

Established in the Missouri Compromise, it designated the boundary line for slavery in the Louisiana Territory.

Andrew Jackson

The 7th President of the United States (1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Old Hickory

Andrew Jackson's nickname

John C Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

South Carolina's Exposition

A document written by John C. Calhoun that outlined the nullification doctrine, arguing states could nullify federal laws they deemed unconstitutional.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Assimilate

to absorb fully; to adopt as one's own; to adapt fully

Christianity

A religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of natives to the West.

Oklahoma

part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase.
1819 - this state is part of the Arkansas Territory.
1830 - Territory to which many Native Americans were forcibly relocated following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Bank of the United States (BUS)

A national financial institution, funded by the federal government and private investors, established by Congress, the first in 1791 and the second in 1816

Credit

An arrangement to receive cash, goods, or services now and pay for them in the future.

Foreclosure

The seizure of property from borrowers who are unable to repay their loans

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

William Henry Harrison

was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's specie circular, leading to widespread economic depression.

Speculation

An involvement in risky business transactions in an effort to make a quick or large profit.

Texas

This state became an independent republic in 1836 after successfully rebelling from Mexico, later annexed by the United States in 1845.

Stephen Austin

American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico. Also known as the "Father of Texas."

Sam Houston

Leader in the Texas Revolution and as a politician, serving as the first president of the Republic of Texas

Santa Anna

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Battle of the Alamo

Battle between Texas and Mexico in San Antonio on 1836. Crushing defeat for the Texans, made them more determined to win independence.

Rio Grande River

Became the southern border of Texas after the U.S. annexed Texas and was a central issue in the U.S.-Mexican War. Mexico refused to sell California to US thinking that Texas' southern border was on the Nueces River; Polk and special envoy to Mexico City John Slidell, asserted that the border of TX is to the south.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 agreement between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Lone Star

Nickname for Texas after it won independence from Mexico in 1836

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Expansion(ism)

A policy that calls for expanding a nation's boundaries.

Oregon Trail

A major route westward for migrants to the Pacific Northwest, used by about 400,000 settlers, ranchers, farmers, miners, and others in the mid- to late 19th century.

Lewis and Clark

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase

James K. Polk

The 11th President of the United States, known for his expansionist policy. Wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain, aquire California, and incorperate Texas into the Union.

Young Hickory

Nickame given to James Polk due to his similar beliefs and birthplace as Andrew Jackson

Manifest Destiny

The 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the U.S. throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig and the 12th president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

California

Acquired by the U.S. following the Mexican-American War and the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, it quickly became a wealthy and populous state due to the Gold Rush.

(Treaty of) Guadalupe Hidalgo

An agreement that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Yellowstone

Established in 1872 as the first national park in the world, located in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.

Irish

Immigrated to the U.S. in large numbers due to the Potato Famine of the 1840s, settling primarily in the northeastern cities.

Potato Famine

A main push factor for Irish in the (1840s). An shortage of a certain crop that Irish peasants relied on, but a plant fungus killed most of them, which made millions starved and led to mass immigration to US, Canada, and Australia

(German) Forty-Eighters

European political refugees who fled to the United States after failed democratic revolutions in their home countries in the late 1840s. Unlike the Irish, they possessed a modest amount of material goods when they came to America and moved into the Middle West (Wisconsin).
They were more educated than the Americans and opposed to slavery.

Midwest

the region that contains the 12 states of the north-central United States and known for its fertile soil, making it a center for agriculture and industry.

1840-1850's

The decades/years marked by war, political changes, a gold rush in California, and many other important events in America and around the world

Textile

A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793

Labor Laws

State and federal safety regulations and compliance assistance to protect the wages, health benefits, retirement security, employment rights, safety, and health of America's workforce

Factory Girls

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

Lancaster Turnpike

The first long-distance, hard-surfaced road in the United States, built in the 1790s, connecting Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Steamboat

Mode of transportation and commerce in the 19th century using engine on America's rivers, making the movement of goods more efficient.

Canals

human-made waterways connecting natural bodies of water, had a major role during the transportation revolution

Railroads

most dominant transportation method of 19th century that utilizes steam engine and tracks to run on.

Cotton

dominant cash crop of the South and supplied it to the North, its production was increased with the gin

Market

an area or arena in which commercial dealings are conducted

Monopolies

a large business that has complete ownership or control of supply or trade inn a commodity or service

Second Great Awakening

religious revival that took place after the American Revolution between 1790 and 1840 in an effort to restore a simpler form of Christianity

Deism

A belief that emerged during the Enlightenment that God exists and created the world but thereafter assumed no control over it or the lives of people.