Physical Science - Chapter 15

$Temperature$ : the measure of the hotness or coldness of a substance; proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles within the substance
$Thermometric Property$ : any property that changes predictably with changes in temperature
$Thermal Expansion$ : the property of many materials to increase in volume when heated and contract when cooled
Temperature Scales
  * Fahrenheit
  * Celsius
  * Kelvin

$Heat$ : movement of thermal energy from an area of higher temperature to one of lower temperature
Energy Transfer
  * $Conduction$ : movement of electric charge or thermal energy through an object or from object to object through direct contact
  * $Convection$ : movement of thermal energy as fluids move
  * $Radiation$ : movement o energy in the form of electromagnetic waves
$Thermal Conductor$ : a material through which thermal energy moves easily
$Thermal Insulator$ : a material through which thermal energy does not easily move
Measuring Heat
* $Specific heat$ : the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1 degree Celsius
* $Calorimeter$ : a device that enables scientists to measure the thermal energy transferred in reactions and between systems
Energy Transfer By Heating
  * Heating ice
  * Melting ice
  * Heating water
  * Vaporizing water
  * Heating steam

$Thermodynamics$ : the study of thermal energy and heat and how they relate to work and other forms of energy
$Caloric Theory$ : the now-obsolete theory that stated that heat was an invisible self-repelling fluid
Laws of Thermodynamics:
  * $First Law of Thermodynamics$ : the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but only transferred between objects or transformed; also known as law of conservation of energy
  * $Second Law of Thermodynamics$ : the law that states that energy can flow from a colder object to a warmer object only if something does work
  * $Third Law of Thermodynamics$ : the law that states that entropy would be at its minimum value at absolute zero. Therefore, absolute zero can never be achieved