Studied by 41 people
psychodynamic perspective
the unconscious mind; childhood memories and trauma
cognitive perspective
memory; emotion; thinking; intelligence
behavioral perspective
how we learn; observable responses to stimuli
humanistic perspective
goals; motivations; mindsets
Biological Perspective
nervous system; biochemistry; the brain
sociocultural perspective
family and peer influences; situational constraints
evolutionary perspective
impact of natural selection and adaption; genetic influences
biological approach
genetics, brain chemistry, and evolutionary traits
psychological approach
learned thoughts, emotions, and inner dialogue
social approach
relationships and external influences
correlation
relationship between two variables
Coefficient
the degree of this relationship
positive coefficient
both go up
negative coefficient
one goes up and one goes down
variables
an element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change.
independent variable
can be controlled or manipulated
dependent variable
affected by changes to the independent
control variable
unchanged element
a measure of variation
how similar or diverse the scores are
range
gap between high and low scores
standard deviation
varying scores around the mean
bell curve
symmetrical bell-shaped distribution (normal curve)
positive skew
cure where most values are on the lower end
negative skew
curve where most values are on the higher end
autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary functions of the body
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
parasympathetic nervous system
calms after a response
somatic nervous system
creates a fight or flight response
endocrine system
pitutary (growth), pineal (sleep), adrenal (energy)
sensory neurons
senses
interneuron neuron
processing info
motor neuron
movement
dendrite
neuron part that receives signals
soma
neuron part that collects signals
axon
neuron part that sends signals
terminal buttons
neuron part that release signals
synapse
neuron part (space between)
threshold/action potential
doing
resting potential
recovering
serotonin
neurotransmitter - emotion
dopamine
neurotransmitter - motivation
acetylocholine
neurotransmitter - muscle movement
endorphins
neurotransmitter - pain relief
agonist
increases a neurotransmitter's action
antagonists
decrease or block a neurotransmitter
thalamus
inner part of the brain - sensory info
hypothalamus
inner part of the brain - motivations
Hippocampus
inner part of the brain - memory
amygdala
inner part of the brain - fear and anger
frontal lobe
thinking, memory, behavior, movement
parietal lobe
sensory/motor
occipital lobe
vision
temporal lobe
hearing
cerebellum
balance
Neuroplasticity
the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
PET scan
a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
MRI
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain
fMRI
A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans.
EEG
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
split brain
a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them
circadian rhythm
internal body clock
NREM-1
the transition into sleep, marked by slowed breathing and irregular brain waves; hypnagogic sensations/hallucinations, and myclonic jerks may occur
NREM-2
Sleep stage characterized by its periodic sleep spindles, or bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity. About half the night is spent in this phase.
NREM-3
sleep stage that lasts about 30 minutes and your brain emits large, slow delta waves, and you are hard to awaken.
REM
describes sleep in which vivid dreams typically occur; this type of sleep increases as the night progresses while stage 4 sleep decreases
sleep apnea
a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
Insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying asleep
narcolepsy
A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
manifest content
according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream
depressants
slows down
hallucinogens
distorts senses
opiates
pain relief and euphoria
stimulants
speeds up
Social Infleunce
a good teacher makes a good student
dissociation
split in consciousness
Order of the eye
cornea, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve
rods and cones
affect color and brightness
monocular vs. binocular
one eye vs. two eyes
visual cliff
depth perception
retinal disparity
slight differences are based on the angle of each eye
young-helmholtz
three color theory of sight
order of ear
ear canal, eardrum, mid ear bones, cochlea, auditory nerve
kinesthetic sense
awareness of body position and perception
vestibular sense
awareness of head movement and balance
sensory adaptation
reduction in sensitivity after exposure
top down processing
perception driven by cognition
bottom up processing
building up from smallest pieces of sensory info
cocktail party effect
ability to focus on one auditory thing at a time
perceptual set
expectations that shape experience
gestalt theory
study of perception in response to configurational wholes rather individual parts
parallel processing
ability to process different info at the same time
constancy
ability to see the same thing although some of it has changed
inattentional blindness
inability to notice new things that appear in the visual field
phi phenomenon
ability to perceive still images in rapid succession as moving
classical conditioning
Learning through association
operant conditioning
learning through rewards and punishments
conditioned vs unconditioned
learned vs. innate behavior
stimulus vs. response
the event vs. the result
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Flashcard (78)