Support or financial aid provided to artists or intellectuals, often by wealthy individuals or institutions.
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civic humanism
A form of humanism that emphasizes active citizenship and participation in public life.
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individualism
A social theory that advocates the moral worth of the individual, promoting independence and self-reliance.
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secularism
The principle of separating religion from civic affairs and the state.
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scientific naturalism
A philosophy that views everything in terms of natural causes and laws, often emphasizing empirical evidence.
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High Renaissance
The period in the late 15th and early 16th centuries marked by the peak of artistic achievement in Italy.
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virtú
A concept in Renaissance thought encompassing the qualities of strength, skill, and decisiveness in leadership.
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Gutenberg’s Bible
The first major book printed using movable type, completed in 1456, representing a significant milestone in the history of printing.
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Northern Renaissance
The cultural and artistic movement that emerged in Northern Europe, influenced by ideas from the Italian Renaissance.
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Spanish Inquisition
A judicial institution established in 1478 to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in the Spanish kingdoms.
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reconquista
The period of history during which Christian kingdoms sought to reclaim Iberian territory from the Moors, culminating in 1492.
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Columbian Exchange
The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World following Columbus's voyages.
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encomienda system
A labor system that rewarded Spanish colonists with the labor of particular groups of indigenous people.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
The 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe.
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conquistador
Spanish explorers and conquerors of the Americas in the 16th century, known for their expeditions and colonization.
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“Renaissance man”
A term to describe a person who is well-versed in multiple disciplines, embodying the ideal of a universal human.
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Thomas More, Utopia
A work by Thomas More published in 1516 that describes an ideal society on a fictional island, reflecting early ideas of socialism.
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Desiderius Erasmus, In Praise of Folly
A satirical book by Erasmus published in 1509 that critiques the Church and society, promoting a return to simple Christian piety.
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The Courtier, Baldassare Castiglione
A Renaissance book that describes the ideal courtier and the social etiquette of the nobility during the Renaissance.
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Lorenzo Valla
A humanist known for his critical analysis of texts, particularly the Donation of Constantine, which he exposed as a forgery.
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magnetic compass
An instrument used for navigation that shows directions relative to the Earth's magnetic poles.
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astrolabe
An ancient astronomical instrument used for solving problems related to time and the position of the stars.
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