Studied by 7 people
Zygote
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
Embryonic Period (Embryo)
Development from 2-8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures form
Fetal Period (Fetus)
From eight weeks to birth
Increased growth and "fine detailing"
Teratogens
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
fetal alcohol syndrome
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking - birth defects
critical period
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development ex: best to learn a language as a baby
Placenta
An organ that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply
Maturation
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Reflexes
unlearned, organized involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli
Babinski reflex
Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched
rooting reflex
a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple
developmental norms
The average age at which individuals should display various behaviors and abilities.
four motor milestones
sit, crawl, walk, run
visual cliff
a lab device for testing depth perception in infants
blooming
period of rapid neural growth
Jean Piaget
focused on the difference in children's minds from an adults
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Lack object permeance
develop sense of self
object permanence
the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
Preoperational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
lack conservation and reversibility
are egocentric
conservation
the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
Reversibility
the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point (2+4 then 4+2)
Ego centrism
in Piaget's theory, the pre-operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
Centration
in Piaget's theory, the tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
Animism
belief that inanimate objects have thoughts, feelings, and mental characteristics as if it were living
concrete operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
formal operational stage
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
Vytogsky's theory - Zone of proximal development
Gap between what a child can do on its own and what they support on
Scaffolding
Process in which a more skilled learner, gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable
temperment
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz - Process where certain animals form attachments early in life
Harry Harlow experiment
Baby monkey's ran to the mother who brought comfort rather than the mother they nursed from when scared. Stresses the importance of caregiving and companionship.
Diana Baumrind
her theory of parenting styles had four main types (permissive, authoritative, & authoritarian)
authoritarian parenting
style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child
Authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making
permissive parenting
A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior, parent is more a friend than a parent
Mary Ainsworth
studied how different attachment styles affected kids
secure attachment
Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened - sensitive loving mother
avoidant attachment
infants who seem unresponsive to the parent when they are present, are usually not distressed when she leaves, and avoid the parent when they return - insensitive unresponsive mother
ambivalent attachment
insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return - mother attends to child once her needs are met
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return - mother has depression
Kohlberg's stages of moral development
preconventional, conventional, postconventional
preconventional morality
first stage of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which one follow the rules to avoid punishment
conventional morality
second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior and follow rules to keep order
postconventional morality
third level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by personal moral principles and ethics. Do not care what others think of them
Carol Gilligan
moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they focused more on caring for personal relationships.
adolescence
the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
synaptic pruning
a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are used are preserved, and those that are not used are lost
high intensity feelings
Adolescence like intensity, excitement, and arousal and see this out. This presents itself through, scary movies, sex, drugs, amusement parks, dare devils.
adolescent egocentrism
the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
Imaginary audience
adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern
Personal fable
young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm. ex: tide pod challenge
identity vs identity confusion
the period during which teenagers seek to determine who they are going to be
Identity Diffusion
Identity Foreclosure
Identity Moratorium
Identity Achievement
not experienced an identity crisis, has no commitments
made a commitment, have not experienced an identity crisis
in the midst of an identity crisis, not made a commitment to an identity
undergone an identity crisis, made a commitment to an identity
Social Clock
culturally preferred timing of social events
emerging adulthood
the transitional period from adolescence to adulthood, spanning approximately 18 to 25 years of age
Potential Lifespan
Life expectancy
a human can live to 122
average age to live to by country
Erik Erikson
Known for his 8-stage theory of Psychosocial Development
Trust vs. Mistrust
0- 18 months- developing trust between caregivers and infant.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1-3 years) Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities
Initiative vs. Guilt
3-6 years, learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans through play
Industry vs. Inferiority
6-12 years: begin to compare oneself to peers, develop sense of pride and inadequacy
identity vs. role confusion
12-18 years: Teen develop a sense of personal and moral identity, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
18-40 -begin to from intimate relationships with other people. comfortable in relationships with a sense of commitment and care or are unable to develop intimacy which can lead to isolation and feeling of exclusion.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
40-60 - in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose
integrity vs despair
Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives, feeling satisfaction or failure
John Bowlby
developed attachment theory
abuse-breeds-abuse phenomenon
the phenomenon where a person hurting another person causes them to hurt others
Gender
Being born either male or female
Gender Identity
the individual's sense of being male or female
Sexual Orientation
an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex or the other sex
Gender roles
sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female
gender socialization
Process in which children learn these gender roles
Social Learning theory - Bandura
Emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of models, attributes gender role development
gender schema theory
the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
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