BIOL 2402 Endocrine System PP Flashcards

What hormones do the thyroid follicular cells produce?

Thyroxin (T4) & Triodothyronine (T3)

What are the functions of the thyroid follicular cells?

Control carb metabolism, increase heart rate, vasodilation, nervous and GI activity

What hormones do the thyroid parafollicular cells produce?

Calcitonin (CT)

What are the functions of the parathyroid follicular cells?

Decrease blood calcium levels and include bone formation

What hormones do the parathyroid chief cells produce?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What are the functions of the parathyroid follicular cells?

Increase blood calcium levels and induce bone reabsorption

What hormones does the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa produce?

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

What are the functions of the adrenal cortex zona glomerulosa?

Sodium reabsorption and Potassium secretion.

What hormones does the adrenal zona fasciculata produce?

Glucocorticoids

What are the functions of the adrenal zona fasciculata?

Controls carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism

What hormones does the adrenal zona reticulata produce?

Androgens

What are the functions of the adrenal zona reticulata?

Male sexual functions

What hormones does the adrenal medulla produce?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What are the functions of the adrenal medulla?

Stimulate the sympathetic nervous system and increase metabolism

What hormones do the pancreatic islets of langerhans alpha cells produce?

Glucagon

What are the functions of the pancreatic islets of langerhans alpha cells?

Increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, decrease glycogenesis, increase blood sugar levels (reducing glucose from liver)

What hormones do the beta cells produce?

Insulin

What are the functions of the beta cells?

Increase glucose transport (blood into liver and other cells), decrease blood sugar levels, decrease glycogenolysis, and increase glycogenesis

What hormones does the pineal gland produce?

Melatonin

What are the functions of the pineal gland?

Drowsiness

What hormones does the thymus gland produce?

Thymosins

What are the functions of the thymus gland?

Development of T cells (T lymphocytes)

What hormones does the GI tract secrete?

Gastrin, CCK, and secretin

What is the function of the GI tract?

GI activity (digestive functions)

What hormones does the placenta secrete?

Estrogen, progesterone, and hCG

What is the function of the placenta?

Reproductive activity

What hormones does the kidney produce?

Eryhtopoietin and reinin

What is the function of the kidney?

Erythropoiesis (red blood cell production in the bone marrow) and blood pressure regulation

What hormone does the heart produce?

Atrial natriuretic peptide

What is the function of the heart?

To decrease sodium in extracellular fluids

What are the three classifications of hormones based on chemical structure?

Hormones are classified as amino acid-based, steroids, or eicosanoids. Eicosanoids, like leukotrienes and prostaglandins, have highly localized effects and mediate immunological and allergic responses.

How do hormones act on target cells?

Hormones act in two primary ways: through second messengers or by activating specific genes. Water-soluble hormones act on receptors on the target cell membranes, using a second messenger system like cyclic AMP or PIP2-Calcium. Lipid-soluble hormones, like steroids and thyroid hormones, easily pass through the plasma membrane to directly activate genes.

What are the three types of stimuli that cause a gland to release a hormone?

Hormone release is caused by three types of stimuli: humoral, neural, and hormonal. Humoral stimuli are a direct response to changing blood levels of ions , neural stimuli involve the nervous system directly stimulating the gland , and hormonal stimuli occur when one hormone triggers the release of another

How does the hypothalamus control the posterior pituitary?

The posterior pituitary doesn't synthesize hormones; instead, it stores and releases two hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus: Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and Oxytocin. ADH promotes water retention, while oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection.

What are the six hormones synthesized and released by the anterior pituitary?

The anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases: Growth Hormone (GH), Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), and Prolactin (PRL).