AP psych final

Wilhelm Wundt

first psych lab

Focus of functionalism

how behavioral processes and conscious thought function, how they enable an organism to adapt

Focus of humanistic psychology

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how we meet our growth potential and achieve self-fulfillment

hormones

What influences behavior according to the biological perspective?

Focus of cognitive perspective

how we encode, process, and store information

Focus of behavioral perspective

looking at behavior through conditioning

Focus of biological perspective

looking at results of genes, hormones, nervous system, and brain

Hypothesis

testable prediction

Case study

in depth investigation of a person with rare, unusual, extreme conditions

Naturalistic observation

observes subject in natural setting

Survey

self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group

Correlation coefficient

number between -1 and +1 to represent the linear dependence of two variables

Experiment

looks for cause and effect

Experimental group

the group exposed to independent variable and tested for change

Control group

group that is not influenced by the independent variable

Standard deviation

how scored vary from the mean, 99.8% within 3 standard deviations from mean

Dendrites

receive messages

Axon

sends messages

(DCBA) Dendrite Cell Body Axon

Path of the signal down a neuron

Action potential

brief electric charge that travels down the axon

Neurotransmitters

chemicals stored in axon terminals

Hormones

chemical messengers manufactured by the endocrine glands

the blood stream

Where are hormones secreted

EEG

measures brain waves

Occipital lobe

processing visual info

Temporal lobe

interpreting hearing

Parietal lobe

processing sensory info

corpus callosum

What part of brain is cut for split brain patients

Consciousness

awareness of ourselves and our environment

Circadian rhythm

24 hour bodily clock

stage 2

When do you see sleep spindles

Delta waves

large slow brain waves

REM sleep

eyes dart

body is internally awake, but externally calm

Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep

Melatonin

SCN triggers release from the pineal gland and causes sleepiness

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

controls circadian rhythm

Memory

learning that has persisted over time

Encoding

getting info in our brains

permanent

Length of long term memories

Magic 7

capacity of STM

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

cerebellum

What brain structure is related to implicit memory?

hippocampus

What brain structure is related to explicit memory?

Medulla

controls heart rate and breathing

Cerebellum

"little brain" coordinates muscle movements

frontal lobe

Phineas Gage- damage to what area of brain?

Sigmund Freud

Who emphasizes the role of the unconscious?

Sensation

process by which we receive info from our environment

Perception

process of organizing and interpreting sensory info

Transduction

converts different forms of physical energy into electrical impulses that are transmitted to the brain

Absolute threshold

weakest amount of stimulus that can be sensed half the time

Difference threshold

the minimal difference that an individual can detect between two stimuli

Sensory adaptation

a decline in receptor activity when stimuli are unchanging

Accommodation

the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Cornea Iris Pupil Lens Retina Optic nerve

Correct order of structures as light passes through the eye

Gestalt

whole

Learning

acquiring new behavior or information

Conditioning

learning association between events and behavioral responses

Classical conditioning

associations made between natural stimuli and neutral stimuli

Ivan Pavlov

Who is most closely related to classical conditioning?

Conditioned response

learned behavior

Unconditioned response

reflexive response

Unconditioned stimulus

natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response

Conditioned stimulus

an ordinarily natural event that is trained to lead to a response

Spontaneous recovery

after a period of time CR will reappear but weaker

Generalization

learned response applies to original stimulus and similar stimuli

Discrimination

respond differently to similar stimuli

Pairing for classical conditioning

an UCS paired with a NS in order to create an association between the NS and the desired behavior.

Operant conditioning

behavior is altered to obtain rewards or avoid punishment

Law of effect

Thorndike; rewarded behavior is strengthened and punished behavior is diminished

BF Skinner

Who is most closely related to operant conditioning?

Shaping

reinforces guide behavior towards desired behavior

Reinforce

event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Negative reinforcement

remove stimulus to increase behavior

Fixed ratio schedule

reinforces response after a set number of responses

Variable ratio schedule

behavioral responses vary

Fixed interval schedule

set amount of time

Variable interval schedule

time varies

Prototype

best example of something within a category

Components of creativity

Expertise Imaginative thinking skills A venturesome personality Intrinsic motivation Creative environment

Algorithm

step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem

Heuristics

simple thinking strategy to making judgments and solving problems

Insight

sudden realization of a problem's solution

Confirmation bias

tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions

Fixation

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

Mental set

tendency to approach a problem in a particular way/ one that has been successful in the past

Representative heuristic

judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they represent or match particular prototypes

Availability heuristics

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

Belief perseverance

clinging to ones beliefs even after being presented with contrary evidence

Framing

the way an issue is phrased

Language

spoken written or signed way of communicating

Phoneme

smallest unit of language

Morpheme

smallest unit of word that carries meaning

40

Number of phonemes in English language

Semantics

rules of language

Syntax

order of words in a sentence

Receptive language

understanding what is said

Telegraphic speech

words that are said

Introspection

examination of one's own mental and emotional processes

Sigmund Freud

Who emphasized the role of the unconscious?