Recording-2025-02-24T20:02:46

Cardiac Output

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, influenced by heart rate and stroke volume.

Blood Pressure

The pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, influenced by cardiac output and resistance.

Diuretics

Medications that promote the expulsion of water and electrolytes through urine, often used to lower blood pressure.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A hormone that promotes water retention in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Aldosterone

A hormone that helps regulate blood pressure by controlling sodium and water balance in the body.

Angiotensin II

A peptide that constricts blood vessels and raises blood pressure; a key component of the renin-angiotensin system.

Nephrons

The functional units of the kidneys that filter blood and produce urine.

Sympathetic Nervous System

Part of the autonomic nervous system that induces the 'fight or flight' response, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

A cellular mechanism that uses energy to transport sodium out of cells and potassium into cells, vital for maintaining cellular electrochemical gradients.

Vasopressin

Another name for antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which helps conserve water in the body.

Electrolytes

Minerals in the body fluids that carry an electric charge, involved in a wide range of physiological functions.

Renin

An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that initiates the renin-angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure.

Hypotension

Abnormally low blood pressure which can lead to inadequate blood flow to organs.

Hypertension

Abnormally high blood pressure, often requiring medical intervention.

Aquaporin Channels

Proteins in cell membranes that facilitate the transport of water across the cell membrane.

Chronic Heart Failure

A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.

Inotropic Drug

Medications that alter the force or energy of muscle contractions, particularly in the heart.

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Drugs that block the action of phosphodiesterase, increasing the levels of cyclic AMP within cells, enhancing muscle contraction.

Calcium Channel Blockers

Medications that prevent calcium from entering cells of the heart and blood vessel walls, leading to reduced blood pressure.

Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter (SGLT2)

A protein that facilitates the reabsorption of sodium and glucose in the kidneys.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels resulting from relaxation of blood vessel muscle, leading to decreased blood pressure.

Epinephrine

A hormone and neurotransmitter involved in the body's fight or flight response, influencing heart rate and blood pressure.

Natriuretic Peptides

Hormones produced by the heart that promote the excretion of sodium and water, reducing blood volume and pressure.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of an organ or tissue through the enlargement of its cells, often seen in the heart with long-term high blood pressure.