The Cultural Landscape Chapter 11: Industry

Inexpensive electricity

________ has attracted aluminum manufacturing, paper making, flour mills, textile manufacturing, and sugar refining.

Transnational corporations

________ operate at a global scale of concern for the distribution of markets and resources.

Containerization

________ has facilitated transfer of packages between modes.

Lake Erie

Late nineteenth century: Steel mills were built around ________, in the Ohio cities of Cleveland, Youngstown, and Toledo, and near Detroit.

Nicholas Appert

In 1810, French confectioner ________ started canning food in glass bottles sterilized in boiling water.

Isaac Singer

________ manufactured the first commercially successful sewing machine in the United States during the 1850s, but he was convicted of infringing a patent filed by Elias Howe in 1846.

Polyester

________ is now the leading true synthetic, accounting for one- third of synthetic fiber production.

Tennessee Valley Authority

The ________ brought electricity to much of the rural South, and roads were constructed in previously inaccessible sections of the Appalachians, Piedmont, and Ozarks.

Mercedes Benz

Stuttgart's industries specialize in high- value goods and require skilled labor; ________ and Audi automobiles are among the city's best- known products.

MDCs

________ play a larger role in assembly than in spinning and weaving because most of the consumers of assembled products are located in ________.

time delivery

Just- in- ________ means that producers have less inventory to cushion against disruptions in the arrival of needed parts.

Geographers

________ also recognize that connections with the rest of the world are critical in determining whether a particular place is suitable for industry.

Empty cans

________ or bottles are brought to the bottler, filled with the soft drink or beer, and shipped to consumers.

mild climates

Attractions could be relatively ________ and opportunities for year- round outdoor recreation activities, or proximity to cultural facilities and major- league sports franchises.

auto workers

Although ________ earn relatively high wages, most of the value of a car is accounted for by the parts and the machinery needed to put the parts together.

labor intensive industry

Because it is still a(n) ________, spinning is done primarily in low- wage countries.

Mississippi

The Great Lakes and major rivers (________, Ohio, St. Lawrence) were supplemented in the 1800s by canals, railways, and highways.

weft

Called a(n) ________, is carried in a shuttle that is inserted over and under the warp.

older human

Sewing is probably an even ________ activity than spinning and weaving.

Manufacturers

________ buy from companies and individuals who supply inputs, such as materials, energy, machinery, and supporting services.

Vertical integration

________ was traditionally regarded as a source of strength for manufacturers because it gave them the ability to do and control everything.

high quality

Made in Japan, "a phrase once synonymous with cheap, poorly made goods, now refers to ________ motor vehicles, electronics, and precision instruments.

Massena

The oldest continuously operating aluminum production and fabricating plant in the United States at ________, New York, was established in 1902 by the Pittsburgh Reduction Co. (now Alcoa, Inc.) near a dam constructed by the St. Lawrence River Power Co. as part of a three- mile canal linking the St. Lawrence and Grasse rivers.

Compensation

________ for manufacturing employees exceeds $ 30 per hour in much of Europe.

empty one

A filled container has the same volume as a(n) ________, but it is much heavier.

Iron

________ and steel manufacturing concentrated in the Rhine- Ruhr Valley because of proximity to large coalfields.

Labor intensive

________ "is measured as a percentage, whereas "high- wage "is measured in dollars or other currencies.

River Rouge

At its peak, Ford's factory complex along the ________ in Dearborn, Michigan, near Detroit, employed more than 100, 000.

Motor vehicles

________ are fabricated in the United States at about 40 final assembly plants, from parts made at several thousand other plants.

Western Great Lakes

________: Centered on Chicago, the hub of the nation's transportation network, now the center of steel production.

Mid nineteenth century

________: The U.S. steel industry concentrated around Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania, where iron ore and coal were both mined.

Copper production

________ involves several steps.

Coke

________ is richer in carbon and more combustible than coal, so it is a better source for the heat and gases needed to smelt iron ore.

Electricity

________ is generated in several ways, by using coal, oil, natural gas, running water (hydroelectricity), nuclear fuel, and, to a very limited degree, solar energy and wind.

Health care

________, retirement pensions, and other benefits add substantially to the compensation.

Chemicals

________: An industry created to bleach and dye cloth in 1746.

Factory workers

________ are treated alike and managers and veterans do not get special treatment; they wear the same uniform, eat in the same cafeteria, park in the same lot, and participate in the same athletic and social activities.

Raw materials

________ may be collected from many places, sent LO factories located in several other places for a succession of specialized manufacturing procedures, and shipped to consumers located in yet other places.

North America

Industry is concentrated in three of the nine world regions discussed in Chapter 9: Europe, ________, and East Asia.

Gulf Coast

The ________ has become an important industrial area because of access to oil and natural gas.

Henry Ford

________ boasted that he could take people off the street and put them to work with only a few minutes of training.

China

In addition to ________ and Japan, East Asia also includes South Korea, which is the worlds leading producer of large container ships that play an important role in international trade.

Thnnonnier

In 1841, ________ installed 80 sewing machines in a factory in St. Etienne, France, to sew uniforms for the French army.

Rapid economic expansion

________ put money in the pockets of enough of China's 1.3 billion people to encourage more manufacturing for domestic consumption.

Coal

________: The source of energy to operate the ovens and the steam engines.

Difficulty

________ with timely delivery is one of the main factors in the decline of newspapers.

important geographic implications

The search for skilled labor has ________ because it is an asset found principally in the traditional industrial regions.

Production of apparel

________ and textiles, which are woven fabrics, is a prominent example of an industry that generally requires less- skilled, low- cost workers.

Moscow

________: Russia's oldest industrial area, centered around the country's capital and largest market.

Southeastern Ontario

________: Canada's most important industrial area, central to the Canadian and U.S. markets and near the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls.

Coal

The source of energy to operate the ovens and the steam engines

Textiles

Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a concentrated factory system during the late eighteenth century

Chemicals

An industry created to bleach and dye cloth in 1746

Food processing

Essential to feed the factory workers no longer living on farms

Industry is concentrated in three of the nine world regions discussed in Chapter 9

Europe, North America, and East Asia

The area had two key assets

inexpensive hydroelectricity from the nearby Alps and a large labor supply, especially from Italy's poorer south, willing to work for relatively low wages

Moscow

Russia's oldest industrial area, centered around the country's capital and largest market

Silesia

Eastern Europe's leading industrial area outside the former Soviet Union

Pittsburgh-Lake Erie

The leading steel-producing area in the nineteenth century because of proximity to Appalachian coal and iron ore. Steel manufacturing originally concentrated in the area between Pittsburgh and Cleveland because of its proximity to Appalachian coal and iron ore

Western Great Lakes

Centered on Chicago, the hub of the nation's transportation network, now the center of steel production

Southeastern Ontario

Canada's most important industrial area, central to the Canadian and U.S. markets and near the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls

Japan

Became an industrial power in the 1950s and 1960s initially by producing goods that could be sold in large quantity at cut-rate prices to consumers in other countries

China

The world's largest supply of low-cost labor and the world's largest market for many consumer products

Having looked at the "where" question for industrial location, we can next consider the "why" question

Why are industries located where they are

Mid-nineteenth century

The U.S. steel industry concentrated around Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania, where iron ore and coal were both mined

Late nineteenth century

Steel mills were built around Lake Erie, in the Ohio cities of Cleveland, Youngstown, and Toledo, and near Detroit

Mid-twentieth century

Most new U.S. steel mills were located in communities near the East and West coasts, including Baltimore, Los Angeles, and Trenton, New Jersey

The South lacked infrastructure needed for industrial development

Road and rail networks were less intensively developed in the South, and electricity was less common

Convergence Regions

Primarily Eastern and Southern Europe, where incomes lag behind Europe's average

Industrial Revolution

a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

cottage industry

home-based manufacturing

situation factors

involve transporting materials to and from a factory

bulk-reducing industry

an industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products

bulk-gaining industry

makes something that gains volume or weight during production

break-of-bulk point

a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible

labor-intensive industry

one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses

textiles

woven fabrics

new international division of labor

selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs

outsourcing

turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers

fordist

factories assigned each worker one specific task to perform repeatedly

post-Fordist

used to describe lean production, to contrast with Fordist production

just-in-time

shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed