Studied by 4 people
Inexpensive electricity
________ has attracted aluminum manufacturing, paper making, flour mills, textile manufacturing, and sugar refining.
Transnational corporations
________ operate at a global scale of concern for the distribution of markets and resources.
Containerization
________ has facilitated transfer of packages between modes.
Lake Erie
Late nineteenth century: Steel mills were built around ________, in the Ohio cities of Cleveland, Youngstown, and Toledo, and near Detroit.
Nicholas Appert
In 1810, French confectioner ________ started canning food in glass bottles sterilized in boiling water.
Isaac Singer
________ manufactured the first commercially successful sewing machine in the United States during the 1850s, but he was convicted of infringing a patent filed by Elias Howe in 1846.
Polyester
________ is now the leading true synthetic, accounting for one- third of synthetic fiber production.
Tennessee Valley Authority
The ________ brought electricity to much of the rural South, and roads were constructed in previously inaccessible sections of the Appalachians, Piedmont, and Ozarks.
Mercedes Benz
Stuttgart's industries specialize in high- value goods and require skilled labor; ________ and Audi automobiles are among the city's best- known products.
MDCs
________ play a larger role in assembly than in spinning and weaving because most of the consumers of assembled products are located in ________.
time delivery
Just- in- ________ means that producers have less inventory to cushion against disruptions in the arrival of needed parts.
Geographers
________ also recognize that connections with the rest of the world are critical in determining whether a particular place is suitable for industry.
Empty cans
________ or bottles are brought to the bottler, filled with the soft drink or beer, and shipped to consumers.
mild climates
Attractions could be relatively ________ and opportunities for year- round outdoor recreation activities, or proximity to cultural facilities and major- league sports franchises.
auto workers
Although ________ earn relatively high wages, most of the value of a car is accounted for by the parts and the machinery needed to put the parts together.
labor intensive industry
Because it is still a(n) ________, spinning is done primarily in low- wage countries.
Mississippi
The Great Lakes and major rivers (________, Ohio, St. Lawrence) were supplemented in the 1800s by canals, railways, and highways.
weft
Called a(n) ________, is carried in a shuttle that is inserted over and under the warp.
older human
Sewing is probably an even ________ activity than spinning and weaving.
Manufacturers
________ buy from companies and individuals who supply inputs, such as materials, energy, machinery, and supporting services.
Vertical integration
________ was traditionally regarded as a source of strength for manufacturers because it gave them the ability to do and control everything.
high quality
Made in Japan, "a phrase once synonymous with cheap, poorly made goods, now refers to ________ motor vehicles, electronics, and precision instruments.
Massena
The oldest continuously operating aluminum production and fabricating plant in the United States at ________, New York, was established in 1902 by the Pittsburgh Reduction Co. (now Alcoa, Inc.) near a dam constructed by the St. Lawrence River Power Co. as part of a three- mile canal linking the St. Lawrence and Grasse rivers.
Compensation
________ for manufacturing employees exceeds $ 30 per hour in much of Europe.
empty one
A filled container has the same volume as a(n) ________, but it is much heavier.
Iron
________ and steel manufacturing concentrated in the Rhine- Ruhr Valley because of proximity to large coalfields.
Labor intensive
________ "is measured as a percentage, whereas "high- wage "is measured in dollars or other currencies.
River Rouge
At its peak, Ford's factory complex along the ________ in Dearborn, Michigan, near Detroit, employed more than 100, 000.
Motor vehicles
________ are fabricated in the United States at about 40 final assembly plants, from parts made at several thousand other plants.
Western Great Lakes
________: Centered on Chicago, the hub of the nation's transportation network, now the center of steel production.
Mid nineteenth century
________: The U.S. steel industry concentrated around Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania, where iron ore and coal were both mined.
Copper production
________ involves several steps.
Coke
________ is richer in carbon and more combustible than coal, so it is a better source for the heat and gases needed to smelt iron ore.
Electricity
________ is generated in several ways, by using coal, oil, natural gas, running water (hydroelectricity), nuclear fuel, and, to a very limited degree, solar energy and wind.
Health care
________, retirement pensions, and other benefits add substantially to the compensation.
Chemicals
________: An industry created to bleach and dye cloth in 1746.
Factory workers
________ are treated alike and managers and veterans do not get special treatment; they wear the same uniform, eat in the same cafeteria, park in the same lot, and participate in the same athletic and social activities.
Raw materials
________ may be collected from many places, sent LO factories located in several other places for a succession of specialized manufacturing procedures, and shipped to consumers located in yet other places.
North America
Industry is concentrated in three of the nine world regions discussed in Chapter 9: Europe, ________, and East Asia.
Gulf Coast
The ________ has become an important industrial area because of access to oil and natural gas.
Henry Ford
________ boasted that he could take people off the street and put them to work with only a few minutes of training.
China
In addition to ________ and Japan, East Asia also includes South Korea, which is the worlds leading producer of large container ships that play an important role in international trade.
Thnnonnier
In 1841, ________ installed 80 sewing machines in a factory in St. Etienne, France, to sew uniforms for the French army.
Rapid economic expansion
________ put money in the pockets of enough of China's 1.3 billion people to encourage more manufacturing for domestic consumption.
Coal
________: The source of energy to operate the ovens and the steam engines.
Difficulty
________ with timely delivery is one of the main factors in the decline of newspapers.
important geographic implications
The search for skilled labor has ________ because it is an asset found principally in the traditional industrial regions.
Production of apparel
________ and textiles, which are woven fabrics, is a prominent example of an industry that generally requires less- skilled, low- cost workers.
Moscow
________: Russia's oldest industrial area, centered around the country's capital and largest market.
Southeastern Ontario
________: Canada's most important industrial area, central to the Canadian and U.S. markets and near the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls.
Coal
The source of energy to operate the ovens and the steam engines
Textiles
Transformed from a dispersed cottage industry to a concentrated factory system during the late eighteenth century
Chemicals
An industry created to bleach and dye cloth in 1746
Food processing
Essential to feed the factory workers no longer living on farms
Industry is concentrated in three of the nine world regions discussed in Chapter 9
Europe, North America, and East Asia
The area had two key assets
inexpensive hydroelectricity from the nearby Alps and a large labor supply, especially from Italy's poorer south, willing to work for relatively low wages
Moscow
Russia's oldest industrial area, centered around the country's capital and largest market
Silesia
Eastern Europe's leading industrial area outside the former Soviet Union
Pittsburgh-Lake Erie
The leading steel-producing area in the nineteenth century because of proximity to Appalachian coal and iron ore. Steel manufacturing originally concentrated in the area between Pittsburgh and Cleveland because of its proximity to Appalachian coal and iron ore
Western Great Lakes
Centered on Chicago, the hub of the nation's transportation network, now the center of steel production
Southeastern Ontario
Canada's most important industrial area, central to the Canadian and U.S. markets and near the Great Lakes and Niagara Falls
Japan
Became an industrial power in the 1950s and 1960s initially by producing goods that could be sold in large quantity at cut-rate prices to consumers in other countries
China
The world's largest supply of low-cost labor and the world's largest market for many consumer products
Having looked at the "where" question for industrial location, we can next consider the "why" question
Why are industries located where they are
Mid-nineteenth century
The U.S. steel industry concentrated around Pittsburgh in southwestern Pennsylvania, where iron ore and coal were both mined
Late nineteenth century
Steel mills were built around Lake Erie, in the Ohio cities of Cleveland, Youngstown, and Toledo, and near Detroit
Mid-twentieth century
Most new U.S. steel mills were located in communities near the East and West coasts, including Baltimore, Los Angeles, and Trenton, New Jersey
The South lacked infrastructure needed for industrial development
Road and rail networks were less intensively developed in the South, and electricity was less common
Convergence Regions
Primarily Eastern and Southern Europe, where incomes lag behind Europe's average
Industrial Revolution
a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
cottage industry
home-based manufacturing
situation factors
involve transporting materials to and from a factory
bulk-reducing industry
an industry in which the inputs weigh more than the final products
bulk-gaining industry
makes something that gains volume or weight during production
break-of-bulk point
a location where transfer among transportation modes is possible
labor-intensive industry
one in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a high percentage of expenses
textiles
woven fabrics
new international division of labor
selective transfer of some jobs to LDCs
outsourcing
turning over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers
fordist
factories assigned each worker one specific task to perform repeatedly
post-Fordist
used to describe lean production, to contrast with Fordist production
just-in-time
shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed
Note 
Flashcard (135)