BIOL 101-02 Final Study Guide (ALL)

Polar Molecule

Carry partial charge; The atoms do not share electrons equally; O → negative charge, H → positive charge

Solute

What is being dissolved (ex: salt)

Solvent

Dissolve salts and many other hydrophilic molecules; Can dissolve acids and bases (ex: water)

Solution

The solute in the solvent (ex: salt water)

pH

A measure of the acidity or basicity in a solution; >7 ~ basic, <7 ~ acidic, =7 ~ neutral

Carbohydrates

Made form carbon (C), oxygen (O), and hydrogen (H) atoms

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Lipids

Composed mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen, also fatty compounds that perform a variety of compounds in your body

Hydrophobic

Water-hating

Nucleic Acids

Polymers of nucleotides

Cell Membrane

Control the exchange b/t the cell and the environment

Cytoplasm

Where most chemical processes take place

Nucleus

Contain genetic material

Mitochondria

Produce energy through respiration

Golgi Apparatus

Process and package macromolecules

Ribosome

Protain synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein folding and transport

Prokaryotic Cells

E.Coli Bacteria, Smaller, No nucleus, No membrane-bound organelles, Circular chromatin (DNA)

Eukaryotic Cells

Plant/Animal/Human, Larger, Has nucleus, Has membrane-bound organelles, Linear Chromatin (DNA)

Chloroplast

(Plant Cell) Where photosynthesis takes place to convert solar energy into chemical energy that living organisms may use

Vacuole

(Plant Cell) Store water, salts, nutrients and pigments; Maintain cell turgor; Facilitate water movement

Cell Wall

(Plant Cell) Maintain the structural rigidity and shape of the plant cell

Function of Macronutrients

Maintain structure and function; Provide energy, support tissue growth and repair, and help regulate various bodily processes

Examples of Macronutrients

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

Carbohydrates

Made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms

Fats

Energy storage; Twice as much energy as carbohydrates or proteins

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Function of Micronutrients

Metabolism, tissue maintenance, and immune support; Energy production, immune system function, blood clotting, growth, bone health, fluid balance, etc.

Examples of Micronutrients

Vitamins A, C, and D, & dietary minerals like iron, calcium, and zinc

Vitamins

Required organic chemicals that can’t be synthesizes in sufficient amounts in the body

Dietary Minerals

Required inorganic chemicals that can’t be synthesized in the body (ex: calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium)

Processed Foods

Transformed from raw ingredients by manufactured methods; Longer shelf life w/ less ingredients

Whole Foods

Natural products that have not been processed; Shorter shelf life full of micronutrients, antioxidants, and fiber

Type 1 Diabetes

(Insulin Dependent) Can not produce insulin at all; Usually arise in childhood, not due to obesity; Treated w/ daily insulin injections

Type 2 Diabetes

(Non-Insulin Dependent) Not enough insulin or resistant to insulin; Most common form, may be due to obesity; May be controlled by diet and exercise

Gestational Diabetes

Develops just during pregnancy; Resolves itself after birth

Benign Tumor

Non-cancerous; Does not affect surrounding tissue; Grows relatively slowly

Malignant Tumor

Cancerous; Invades surrounding tissue; Grows relatively fast

Metastasis

Process by which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) site to other parts of the body

Risk Factors for Cancer

Family history of cancer, Increasing age, Tobacco use, Sunlight, Poor diet/lack of exercise/being overweight, Excess alcohol consumption, Exposure to certain radiation or chemicals

Lung Cancer

Leading cause of cancer death in US for both men & women; Tobacco use accounts for 87% of __ __ deaths and at least 30% of all cancer deaths

Breast Cancer

2nd highest cause of cancer deaths; 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with __ __ in their lifetime

Risk Factors for Breast Cancer

Age and gender: > age 50, more in women, Family history/Gene: BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes defect, Childbirth: no children, or having a first baby after age 30, Hormone replacement therapy: estrogen

Mammogram

An X-ray picture of the breast; Annually after age 40

Skin Cancer

Most prevalent form of all cancer in the US; Exposure to the sun accelerates the effects of aging and increases the risk of __ __

#1 Cause of Skin Cancer

UV Light

Steps of Asexual Cell Production

Interphase, Mitosis (Nuclear Division), Cytokinesis

Interphase (Asexual Cell Production)

The DNA replicates

Mitosis (Nuclear Division/Asexual Cell Production)

The copied DNA molecules are moved into 2 daughter cells

Phases of Mitosis

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Prophase

(Mitosis) Chromosomes are condensed and become visible then Nuclear envelope disappears

Metaphase

(Mitosis) Chromosomes are aligned at the middle of the cell and are characterized by the “__ plate”

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled apart and result in V-shaped chromosomes

Telophase

(Mitosis) Nuclear envelopes reform and chromosomes revert to an uncondensed form

Parts of Sexual Cell Reproduction

Interphase, Meiosis I, Meiosis II, Cytokinesis

Interphase (Sexual Cell Reproduction)

DNA replication: Chromosomes are uncondensed, and duplicated chromosomes are held together at the centromere and called sister chromatids

Meiosis I

The pairs of chromosomes are separated, the two resulting cells are unpaired, and each contains ½ chromosomes. Random alignment: different pairs of chromosomes are randomly aligned and get separated during meiosis I (metaphase I). Crossing over: exchange of equivalent portions of chromosomes between a homologous pair. Occurs in Prophase 1, increasing genetic variations in daughter cells

Meiosis II

The sister chromatids are separated - Four sperm (M) or egg (F) cells are produced - Essentially like mitosis

Cytokinesis

2 daughter cells are formed from the original one

Human Chromosomes (#?)

46 chromosomes in 23 pairs; 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX female; XY male); Carry genes that determine our traits; Made of DNA and proteins

Organs of Upper Respiratory Tract

Nasal Cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea

Nasal Cavity

The air-filled space inside the nose, located above the roof of the mouth and below the nasal septum; Prepare air for respiration by warming, humidifying, and filtering it

Pharynx

A muscular tube that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx (voice box) and esophagus; Acts as a passageway for air (from the nose and mouth) and food (from the mouth), regulates the flow of air and food to the appropriate destinations

Larynx

Located in the neck, that plays a crucial role in breathing, sound production (phonation), and protecting the airway; Houses the vocal cords, which vibrate to create sounds when air passes through them and helps to prevent food/foreign objects from entering the trachea

Trachea

Acting as a passageway for air from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi (large airways leading to the lungs); Facilitate breathing by allowing air to flow into and out of the lungs.

Organs of Lower Respiratory Tract

Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs,

Bronchi

An extension of the trachea and serve as the central passageway into the lungs

Bronchioles

Carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli: perform your body's gas exchange

Lungs

Paired, cone-shaped organs in the chest cavity responsible for respiration, specifically gas exchange; also inspiration, expiration, alveoli, circulatory system support

Inhalation

Air flows in → Chest cavity expands; Diaphragm contracts and flattens

Exhalation

Air flows out → Chest cavity contracts; Diaphragm relaxes and returns to dome

Major Components of Cardiovascular System

Heart, Blood Cells, Blood Vessels

Heart

Muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body; Has four chambers and valves that ensure blood flows in one direction

Types of Blood Cells

Red, White, Platelet

Red Blood Cell

Carry oxygen by hemoglobin–a protein that binds oxygen and transports it from the lungs to the rest of the body; Carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be inhaled

White Blood Cell

Part of the immune system; Help defend the body against infections and foreign substances (several varieties)

Lymphocytes

Involved in adaptive immunity

Platelet

Involved in blood clotting; Help stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged; Release chemicals that cause a blood clot to form

Types of Blood Vessels

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart & to the capillaries

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Capillaries

Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between blood and body cells

Gas Exchange b/t Alveoli & Capillaries

Oxygen (O2): alveoli → capillaries

Carbon Dioxide (CO2): capillaries → alveoli

Passage of Sperm

Testis → Epididymis → Vas Deferens → Seminal Vesicles → Prostate → Bulbourethral/Cowper’s Gland → Urethra → Outside of Body

Testis

Sperm production

Epididymis

Sperm maturation

Vas Deferens

Transport sperm

Seminal Vesicles

Produce sugar-rich fluid

Prostate

Produce nourishing and protective fluid

Bulbourethral/Cowper’s Gland

Produce lubricating and neutralizing fluid

Urethra

Deliver sperm → Outside of the body

Passage of Ovum

Ovary → Oviduct/Fallopian Tube (Fertilization) → Endometrium/Uterus → Vagina

Ovary

Ovum production

Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)

Transport Ovum (Fertilization)

Uterus (Inside Endometrium)

Develop Fetus

Vagina

Deliver fetus → Outside of the body

Spermatogenesis

(Male) Begins at puberty; Occurs continuously

Oogenesis

(Female) Begins before birth and resumes at puberty; Occurs during menstruation

Methods of Birth Control

Hormonal, Barrier, Sterilization, Fertility

Hormonal Methods (Birth Control)

Birth Control Pills: Contain estrogen and/or progesterone; Counter the hormone fluctuations of the menstrual cycle to prevent ovulation