Language frameworks

Implicature

Meaning of something that isn't stated "I'm busy"

Deixis

refer to a specific time, place, or person in context

he was there

yesterday, before, recently

Elison

leaving out a sound segment in pronunciations

Paralinguistics features

Facial expressions, sounds

Lexical sets

Group of words associated by a meaning

Affix

Letters attached before and after a word, "un-accept-able"

Denotation

Linking directly

Connotation

Linking indirectly

Speech acts

Promises, apologies, something that conveys meaning

Face work

Verbal actions that achieve something, greet, insult, flirt, plead

Predicate

The part of the sentence that tells what the subject is doing or what the subject is (hot, colorful)

he wore a hat

she wrote down the date

was blue

Passive voice

the subject is being acted on

‘the character was played well by tim’

‘his wife was loved by him’

Tag questions

Adding a ? At the end of a sentence for approval

Close ended questions

Has a limited amount of options

Backtracking

Going back to the original topic of convo

Orthographical features

Capital letters, spelling + punctuation

Multimodal texts

Combines different modes of communication, sounds, images, texts

Anaphora

Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of each line

Anaphor

Referring backwards- 'Bob was a legend, or so he thought'

Cataphora

Referring forwards, 'she was late; Glenda was always late'

What r some nasal sounds?

M,n,g

Plosives

Sounds which release a sudden burst of air e.g. p,b,t. (Harsher sounds)

Non verbal communication

body language

4 prosodic features

Pitch, Volume, tempo, stress

Suffix

word ending

Prefix

beginning of a word

Root morpheme

The morpheme that gives the word it's main meaning

Morpheme

Smallest unit of a word, 'dog' cannot be broken down or shortened, but 'un-forgive-able' can

Imperative sentence

Command

Active voice

Subject performs the action

‘tim played the character well’

‘he loved his wife’

Fricatives

produced by a constant flow of air through the vocal tract (f and v) ( softer sounds)

Hedging

words or phrases which often soften or weaken the force with which something is said. 'She passed away'

Phatic talk

Small talk

word choices

Slang, jargon, archaism

Derivation

New words from existing ones

adding prefix or suffix to make a new word

Register

Informal/ formal

Lexical field

Words related to a certain theme

Semantics

How words are interpreted and understood

Synonym

A word that means the same as another word

antonym

a word opposite in meaning to another

Homonym

a word that is spelled and pronounced like another word but is different in meaning

Semantic change

The process of words changing meaning

Orthograph

Written language. Spelling, punctuation, capitalisation

pragmatic

How we use spoken language in real world

abbreviation

a shortened form of a word/ phrase

informal

Non standard

abbreviations

Figurative language

Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.

Similes

A comparison using "like" or "as"

Metaphors

Saying something IS something else

Oxymoron

Brings two opposite words together- bittersweet

Metonymy

Words that closely relate with a single word

-'Dish' describes the whole plate of food

Hyperbole

exaggeration

Syntax

Determines the order which the sentence is in which could change its meaning

Morphology

units of meaning involved in word formation

-Small+suffix -er= smaller

3 word classes

Noun adjective verbs pronouns conjunctions

Inflection

Adding an 's' to make it plural: making a word plural

graphological features

Margin, leading, type face

Subject pronoun

pronoun that functions as a subject in a sentence

Proper nouns

Names for specific types of things that has a capital letter e.g. London

Common noun

names any person, place, thing, or idea

Abstract noun

Intangible qualities e.g happiness, sadness

-cant touch

lexeme

singular words (basic words)

lexicon

set of words

common noun

general nouns

place, people, things- no capital letters

concrete nouns

tangible

a phone, tree, food

collective nouns

a name for a group

a herd, a flock

base adj

plain adjective without a suffix

pretty, strong, high

comparative adj

prettier, higher, stronger

-ier suffux at the end

superlative adj

-est suffix

prettiest, strongest, highest

main verb

main action of the clause

-eats, sleeps, walks

auxiliary verb

helps the main verb of the sentence

‘i may walk the dog’

‘i am waiting’

copular verb

links the subject to a noun of adj, most common one ‘is’

the food tastes amazing

henry is bad at that

marge feels angry

verbal dynamic verbs

A verb that indicates an action or process or sensation

material dynamic verbs

events

‘anna drove' to work’

‘james parked his car’

‘eddie melted the butter’

stative verbs

desribes action/ states

believes, think, love

mental verbs

describes basic process

‘he thought about her’

‘i do believe in him’

‘sally loved him’

relational verbs

shows relation between things

‘ellie became an author’

‘he owns that’

‘the box contains socks’

transitive verbs

verbs that have a direct object

‘jake bought cake’

‘sally ate it’

‘stephan baked pie’

intransitive verbs

Verbs that can stand alone and doesn't need to transfer its action to another nouns

‘bert wept’

‘alex laughed’

‘the man smirked’

What’s a clause?

Contains a subject + predicate

Sibilance

repetition of a hissing sound like ‘s’ ‘sh’ ‘z’

simile

comparing words ‘like’ ‘as’

Dysphemism’s

harsher but colourful way of saying things ‘stinking loo’ instead of ‘restroom’

high frequency

words that are used commonly/ everyday ‘am’ ‘no’

low frequency

words that aren’t used commonly ‘expeditiously’

metaphors

figure of speech ‘time is like a thief’

alliteration

rhythmic musical sound that rhymes (first letter of a word is repeated)

sentence mood

declarative, imperative, interrogative and exclamative

exchange structures

how communication is structured (initiation, response, follow up)

word class

nouns, verbs, adjectives

what are conjunctions

connects words or phrases ‘and’ ‘but’

preposition

shows relationship between a noun/ pronoun and often describes ‘at’ ‘under’ ‘over’