ap gov review

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

Holding: Established supremacy of the US Constitution and federal laws over state laws

United States v Lopez (1995)

Holding: Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

Baker v Carr (1962)

Holding: Established “one man, one vote” and opens door to courts to reviewing redistricting challenges 

Shaw v Reno (1993)

Holding: Legislative redistricting must be conscious of race

Marbury v Madison (1803)

Holding: The Supreme Court is allowed to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution

Engle v Vitale (1962)

Holding: Schools cannot sponsor religious activities. No state sponsored prayer 

Wisconsin v Yoder (1972)

Holding: Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade is illegal.

Tinker v Des Moines (1969)

Holding: Public school students have the right to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War because it does not cause a disruption

Schenck v United States (1919)

Holding: Speech creating a “clear and present danger” is not protected

New York Times v U.S. (1971)

Holding: Establishes a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” even in cases involving national security.

McDonald v Chicago (2010)

Holding: Right to keep and bear arms for self-defense applies to the states 

Gideon v Wainwright (1963)

Holding: Guarantee of an attorney for the poor or indigent 

Roe v Wade (1973)

Holding: Protects the right of a woman to have an abortion

Brown v Board of Ed. (1954)

Holding: Raced based segregation is illegal.

Citizens United v F.E.C. (2010)

• Holding: Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is protected and cannot be limited by law; Money = Speech

fed 10

a strong, united republic would be more effective than the individual states at controlling “factions”

brutus

constitution is bad. too much power to the central government at the expense of the states.

declaration of independence

All people created equal. People have the duty to overthrow.

articles of confederation

an extremely limited central government.

Constitution (+ Bill of Rights & Other Amendments)

Individual Rights

fed 51

separated gov creates separation of powers

fed 70

strong executive

fed 78

need for an independent judiciary

letter from birmingham jail

civil disobedience is an appropriate response to injustice.