Reproductive Systems

What are the stages of labor

1. Dilation


1. The longest part of labor. The cervix dilates up to 10cm and thins out, then the water brakes.
2. Expulsion stage


1. Infant comes out through the cervix, the the vagina and out of the body.
3. Placental stage


1. Delivery of the placenta, you continue having contractions so the placenta can be realesed from the uterine lining

How does sperm travel

1. Seminiferous tubule
2. Rete testes
3. Epididymis
4. Vas defers
5. Ejaculatory duct
6. Urethra

What is a vasectomy

When the vas deferent are cauterized by making a small incision inside the scrotum.

Gonads are

ovaries and testies

Fertilization

the union of ovum and sperm

Where does fertilization take place

Fallopian tube/ oviduct/ uterine tube

Male exocrine

sperm producing

Male endocirne

testosterone producing

Tunica albugenia

white fibrous connective tissue that protects each testical

Where is sperm made

seminiferous tubules

What cells make testosterone

interstitial cells

Where are interstitial cells found

inside seminiferous tuble

Epididymis

* Highly coiled
* 6m or 20 in long
* Storage site for immature sperm to develop and mature
* Spermatid mature in 20 days
* Wall of the epididymis contract when a male is stimulated to expel sperm
* The muscle contraction is called peristalsis

Seminal vesicle

* located at the base of bladder
* produce 60% of semen

Semen

* Thick, yellow secretion
* Rich in fructose, vitamin c, prostaglandins

Prostate Gland

* Size and shape of chestnut
* Below urinary bladder
* Secrets the milk fluid that helps activate sperm

Bulbourethral gland

* Pea sized
* Secrets clear and thick mucus that drains the urethra
* It purpose is to cleanse the urethra from acidic urine and lubricate during intercourse

Fructose is semen

fuel the sperm

Sperm pH

7\.2-7.6

Semen contains

seminalplasmin

relaxin

enzymes that enhance sperm mobility

During ejaculation

2ml-5ml of sperm is released 

Spermatogenesis

begins and puberty and continues through life

How many sperm are made in spermatogenesis

4 sperm cells w 23 chromosomes

Spermatgonia

sperm steam cell

FSH (male)

sperm

FSH (female)

ovum

LH (male)

testosterone

LH (female)

estrogen

LH activates

interstitial cells

Male secondary sex characteristics

1. Deepening of voice
2. Increased hair growth
3. Enlargement of skeletal muscles
4. Heaviness of skeletal muscles due to bone thickening

Exocrine (female)

eggs or ova

Endocrine (female)

estrogen or progesterone

Ovulation

when the egg is matured and gets ejected from the ovary

LH helps with what process

ovulation

FSH helps..

mature the ovum

Corpus luteum

reputed follicle with yellow body that degenerates after ovulation

What does the corpus luteum release

progesterone

Fertilization occurs in the

fallopian (uterine) tube/ oviduct

Layers of the uterus

1. Endometrium


1. Sheds during menstruation
2. Myometrium


1. Contracts during child birth or menstruation
3. Perimetrium


1. Outer layer

What is it called when the mental cycle stops

menopause

Oogonia

female stem cell

How many eggs are made in spermatogenesis

1 ovum and 3 polar bodies

(only the OVUM can be fertilized)

3 stages of mental cycle

1. Menstral phase
2. Proliferate phase
3. Secretory phase

Female secondary sex characteristics

* Enlargement of organs (Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and external glands)
* Development of breast
* Pubic + armpit hair
* Fat deposits in hips and breast
* Widening and lightening of pelvis
* Start of menstrual cycle

Progesterone

helps mention pregnancy and prepare breast for mil production

Mammary glands

Found in men and women (only stimulated by female hormones)

Modified sweat glands

Each gland consists of 15 to 25 lobes

Stages of fertilization

1. Zygote
2. Early clevage
3. Morula.
4. Early blastocyte
5. Late blastocysts

Blastocyst

Hallow ball that releases hCG (hormone) which tells the corpus luteum to release hormones. This hormone is what the pregnancy test looks for

Ectoderm

gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin

Endoderm

mucosal and associated glands

Mesoderm

everything else

Braxton hicks

high estrogen levels in the last week of pregnancy makes the myometrium from oxytocin which cause weak and irregular contractions (false contractions)

Prostaglandins are related by

placenta

Prostaglandins are

powerful frequent contraction

Oxytocin

forces the fetus to move into the mother pelvis due to stronger contractions