What are the stages of labor
Dilation
The longest part of labor. The cervix dilates up to 10cm and thins out, then the water brakes.
Expulsion stage
Infant comes out through the cervix, the the vagina and out of the body.
Placental stage
Delivery of the placenta, you continue having contractions so the placenta can be realesed from the uterine lining
How does sperm travel
Seminiferous tubule
Rete testes
Epididymis
Vas defers
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
What is a vasectomy
When the vas deferent are cauterized by making a small incision inside the scrotum.
Gonads are
ovaries and testies
Fertilization
the union of ovum and sperm
Where does fertilization take place
Fallopian tube/ oviduct/ uterine tube
Male exocrine
sperm producing
Male endocirne
testosterone producing
Tunica albugenia
white fibrous connective tissue that protects each testical
Where is sperm made
seminiferous tubules
What cells make testosterone
interstitial cells
Where are interstitial cells found
inside seminiferous tuble
Epididymis
Highly coiled
6m or 20 in long
Storage site for immature sperm to develop and mature
Spermatid mature in 20 days
Wall of the epididymis contract when a male is stimulated to expel sperm
The muscle contraction is called peristalsis
Seminal vesicle
located at the base of bladder
produce 60% of semen
Semen
Thick, yellow secretion
Rich in fructose, vitamin c, prostaglandins
Prostate Gland
Size and shape of chestnut
Below urinary bladder
Secrets the milk fluid that helps activate sperm
Bulbourethral gland
Pea sized
Secrets clear and thick mucus that drains the urethra
It purpose is to cleanse the urethra from acidic urine and lubricate during intercourse
Fructose is semen
fuel the sperm
Sperm pH
7.2-7.6
Semen contains
seminalplasmin
relaxin
enzymes that enhance sperm mobility
During ejaculation
2ml-5ml of sperm is released
Spermatogenesis
begins and puberty and continues through life
How many sperm are made in spermatogenesis
4 sperm cells w 23 chromosomes
Spermatgonia
sperm steam cell
FSH (male)
sperm
FSH (female)
ovum
LH (male)
testosterone
LH (female)
estrogen
LH activates
interstitial cells
Male secondary sex characteristics
Deepening of voice
Increased hair growth
Enlargement of skeletal muscles
Heaviness of skeletal muscles due to bone thickening
Exocrine (female)
eggs or ova
Endocrine (female)
estrogen or progesterone
Ovulation
when the egg is matured and gets ejected from the ovary
LH helps with what process
ovulation
FSH helps..
mature the ovum
Corpus luteum
reputed follicle with yellow body that degenerates after ovulation
What does the corpus luteum release
progesterone
Fertilization occurs in the
fallopian (uterine) tube/ oviduct
Layers of the uterus
Endometrium
Sheds during menstruation
Myometrium
Contracts during child birth or menstruation
Perimetrium
Outer layer
What is it called when the mental cycle stops
menopause
Oogonia
female stem cell
How many eggs are made in spermatogenesis
1 ovum and 3 polar bodies
(only the OVUM can be fertilized)
3 stages of mental cycle
Menstral phase
Proliferate phase
Secretory phase
Female secondary sex characteristics
Enlargement of organs (Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina and external glands)
Development of breast
Pubic + armpit hair
Fat deposits in hips and breast
Widening and lightening of pelvis
Start of menstrual cycle
Progesterone
helps mention pregnancy and prepare breast for mil production
Mammary glands
Found in men and women (only stimulated by female hormones)
Modified sweat glands
Each gland consists of 15 to 25 lobes
Stages of fertilization
Zygote
Early clevage
Morula.
Early blastocyte
Late blastocysts
Blastocyst
Hallow ball that releases hCG (hormone) which tells the corpus luteum to release hormones. This hormone is what the pregnancy test looks for
Ectoderm
gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin
Endoderm
mucosal and associated glands
Mesoderm
everything else
Braxton hicks
high estrogen levels in the last week of pregnancy makes the myometrium from oxytocin which cause weak and irregular contractions (false contractions)
Prostaglandins are related by
placenta
Prostaglandins are
powerful frequent contraction
Oxytocin
forces the fetus to move into the mother pelvis due to stronger contractions