KIIP 3 Grammar

N/V/A -고 해서

used to provide at least one (of several) reasons for doing the action in the following statement

V/A -(으)면 되다

'You just have to...' or 'It just has to... ', etc.

used to show a requirement that must be met in the preceding statement

A -아/어지다

used to show when an adjective becomes (or changes into) another adjective.

often past tense

V/A -는 대신(에)

1) 'instead of’; suggests something to replace an action

2) shows that the act of the previous statement is compensated by the act of the next statement.

V/A -다가

while ~ing', 'in the middle of ~ing', or 'was ~ing, then ...'.

describes an action that is interrupted by another action/event

V-는지 알다 / 모르다

A-(으)ㄴ지 알다 / 모르다

N인지 알다 / 모르다

shows that someone knows or does not know certain information

V-(으)ㄹ 만하다

1) shows something is worth doing or is recommended

2) shows something that is OK, but not great

V/A -아/어 가지고

‘because’, ‘since’ - shows a sequential relationship between the connecting actions

N(이)나

‘either’, ‘or’ - used to indicate a choice between multiple options, OR it can express something is larger than expected

N밖에 못/안/없-

‘except for’, ‘other than’ - something smaller than expected

V/A -는다고 / 다고 / 라고

‘I heard that..’

shows an indirect quotation or reported speech

V (-이 / 히 / 리 / 기-), 피동

changes an active verb to a passive verb showing the action was performed by someone/something else other than the subject

V-자고

used for indirect quotations involving a suggestion

V/A-냐고

used for indirect quotations involving a question, often paired with 물어봤어요

N만큼

‘as much as’

shows that something is of a similar quality, level, or volume as another thing

V-(으)라고

used for indirect quotations involving commands or requests

V(-이 / 히 / 리 / 기 / 우 / 추-), 사동

shows that the subject makes another person, animal, or object do something, or come to a certain state

V/A -아/어서 그런지

‘I guess because..’

shows a speaker's guess about the reason for something that cannot be clearly explained

V-나요?

A-(으)ㄴ가요?

N인가요?

asks a question in a friendly, soft, informal way

V-기 위해

'In order to do...' or 'for...'

expresses an intention to do something

V-아/어 놓다

shows that an action in the prior clause is finished and the result remains

V-는 데다가

A-(으)ㄴ 데다가

N인 데다가

‘not only that’, ‘and also’, ‘moreover,’

shows an act or state has been added, making it better or worse.

V/A-는다/-ㄴ다/-다

plain speech for objective writing in journals, articles, diaries, etc.

아무리 V/A-아/어도

‘even if’, ‘even though’, ‘no matter how/what’

V-게 되다

shows an action was not originally intended, often accidental

V-게 하다

shows you A) let and allow something to happen, or B) forced someone to do something

V-아/어 가다

shows an action or state is being continued or is constantly changing

N/V/A-잖아요

‘as you already know’, ‘you know’

verbally* emphasizes something you assume the other person already knows or agrees with

V/A-아/어야

’should, ought to, have to’

shows an essential condition for the next statement

V-(으)려던 참이다

shows the speaker was just about to do something, or planned to do it very soon before interruption

V-자마자

‘as soon as’

shows an action occurred immediately after another action

V/A-(으)ㄹ 텐데

‘it is possible/likely that’, ‘would’, ‘even if’

used to describe a hypothetical guess or probability

V-아/어 있다

NOT dynamic. expresses that a person/object remains in a particular state, typically as a result of a previously mentioned action.