Henry VIII and his ministers 1509-40

What was the Star Chamber?

Court run by Royal Council to maintain justice.

What are Enclosures?

when land is fenced off and made private.

What was a Subsidy?

extra tax paid to the king which funded things like wars.

Who was Henry Percy?

Earl of Northumberland, imprisoned by Wolsey in 1516

Why did Wolsey's unpopularity increase?

Due to investigations into enclosures which affected landowners.

What was taxation like during Henry's reign?

Unpopular taxes at preventing crisis

What was Wolsey’s enquiry into enclosed land?

260 cases against landowners to get land back in 1517

When was Wolsey’s enquiry into unlawfully enclosed land stopped?

1523, by landowners from Parliament

What was the reform made to the Star Chamber?

Strengthened its authority to protect the poor and ensure justice.

When did Henry VIII become king?

1509, after Henry VII's death.

When did Henry VIII marry Catherine?

1509

When did Arthur (Henry VIII’s brother) die?

1502, leading to Henry's marriage to Catherine.

What is the privy chamber?

Royal private apartment for confidential matters.

Who were some of Henry VIII's ministers?

Wolsey, Brandon, More and Cromwell.

What is the royal household?

Staff assisting with the kings daily duties and helped run the government

What is the royal council?

Advisors who made important decisions and helped the king in governing.

What was the court?

A group of people who were made up of the kings closest servants, friends and advisors.

Who are justices of the peace?

Local landowner’s who helped keep law and order in their local area.

What is the Parliament?

In charge of passing laws and approving new taxes requested by the king.

Who was a cardinal?

A high-ranking official in the Catholic Church.

What role did Wolsey have at the war against France?

Organised a strong army against France in 1513.

What did Henry Percy’s arrest show?

Demonstration by Wolsey that no one is above the law

What is a papal legate?

Representative of the Pope in each country.

What are the Eltham Ordinances?

List of rules on how people should behave in Henry VIII’s palace’s.

What were the fifteenths and tenths tax?

Tax based on a percentage of goods and income of a person

When was the subsidy raised from £118,000 to £322,000?

Between 1513 and 1529

What is foreign policy?

A countries strategy, goals and actions in dealing with other countries.

When did Wolsey become Lord Chancellor?

1515.

When did Wolsey become Archbishop of York?

1515

When did Wolsey become papal legate?

1518

When did Wolsey become cardinal?

1515

What was Wolsey referred to people?

Alter Rex- second king. Henry did not take offence due to him respecting Wolsey

What was Thomas Wolsey's background?

He was the son of a butcher who provided him a strong education

How did Wolsey rise in society despite his non-noble background?

He studied at Oxford to become a priest, a path for non-nobles to rise in society

What role did Wolsey have when Henry VIII became king?

He was a Royal Almonar, in charge of charity and became a member of the Royal Council.

How did Wolsey form a relationship with Henry VIII?

He used his charm, wit, and flattery to build a personal connection with the king.

Why was Wolsey lucky during Henry VIII's reign?

Henry favored pleasure, allowing Wolsey to handle governing

What was the Netherlands known for in the 1500s?

A trading nation under Spanish control, mainly exporting cloth

What was the Holy Roman Empire in 1519?

A group of central European states ruled by princes or dukes; Charles V became emperor of it in 1519.

Who ruled France in the 1500s, and what was its position in Europe?

France, rivals with the Hapsburg and England, was ruled by Francis I by 1515.

What role did the Pope and the Papal States play in the 1500s?

The Pope led the Catholic Church and ruled parts of Italy. The Papal states were threatened by France and Spain.

What was Spain’s status in the 1500s under Charles Habsburg?

Spain, a Catholic power under Charles Hapsburg from 1516, grew rich from Inca and Aztec conquests.

What did Henry VIII dream of achieving?

Military glory through the conquest of France.

Why was England weaker than France and the Habsburg Empire?

They lacked the population and resources to compete.

What happened during Henry VIII’s first invasion of France in 1512?

It ended in failure due to drunkenness and disease.

What was the result of Henry’s second invasion of France in 1513?

England won the Battle of Spurs but only captured two towns.

Who became Henry’s chief negotiator in 1514?

Thomas Wolsey.

What was Wolsey’s role in Henry’s government?

He managed Henry’s goals and foreign policy for 15 years.

Who were the two major European rulers Henry had to deal with?

Charles I of Spain and Francis I of France

Why did France and Spain often fight?

They had competing claims over territories in Europe.

How was England economically tied to Spain?

England relied on cloth from the Netherlands, ruled by Spain.

What major event in 1515 increased tension with France?

France defeated Spanish forces and took control of Milan.

How did Henry VIII react to Frances’s victory in Milan?

He became jealous and worried about France’s power.

What did Wolsey try to do in response to France’s growing power?

He tried to form alliances against France, but had little success.

What was the Treaty of London?

A peace deal in 1518 where European countries agreed not to fight each other.

Who made the Treaty of London happen?

Cardinal Wolsey, working for King Henry VIII.

Why was the Treaty of London important for England?

It made Henry VIII look like a powerful peacemaker in Europe.

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A meeting in 1520 between Henry VIII and Francis I to strengthen their bond

How could England be a valuable ally to both Spain and France?

It was in a position to invade northern France or disrupt Spanish control of the Netherlands.

What was the goal of the Field of the Cloth of Gold ?

To create peace and friendship between England and France.

Did the Field of the Cloth of Gold succeed in making peace?

England later allied with Spain against France.

What was the Treaty of Bruges?

A secret deal in 1521 where England and Spain agreed to fight France together

What did the Treaty of Bruges secure for England?

A one year delay in sending the English army to France. By then Wolsey hoped the war would end and England will be spared of the expense of war.

What did England hope to gain from the Treaty of Bruges?

Land in France and a stronger alliance with Spain

Who did England fight with in the war against France in 1522-1523 ?

Spain, as an ally

Why did England go to war with France in 1522?

To gain land and power, following the Treaty of Bruges

What went wrong in the war against France?

It was expensive, Spain didn’t help much, and there were no big wins

Who made the triple attack against France in 1523?

England, Spain and a French rebel called the Duke of Bourbon

How much money did the war against France in 1523 cost and what did it lead to?

Cost £430,000 and lead to unpopular tax increases and forced loans.

Who fought in the Battle of Pavia?

France and Spain in 1525

Who won the Battle of Pavia?

Spain, led by Charles V

What happened to Francis I at the Battle of Pavia?

He was captured by Spanish forces

How did Henry VIII react to the Battle of Pavia?

He wanted to invade France, but Charles V didn’t help him.

When was Henry and his army deserted by Charles V outside Paris?

1523

What was the Treaty of the More?

A peace deal in 1525 between England and France after the Battle of Pavia.

Why did Henry VIII agree to the Treaty of the More?

Because Charles V didn’t support him, and he needed money.

What decisions was agreed upon in the Treaty of More in 1525?

Henry gave up all his claims to French land in exchange for an annual payment.

What was the League of Cognac?

Alliance formed in 1526 to limit the power of Spain under Charles V

Who joined the League of Cognac?

France, the Pope in Rome, Venice and Florence in Italy

What was the Treaty of Westminster?

An alliance in 1527 between England and France against Charles V

Why did Henry VIII sign the Treaty of Westminster?

He was angry at Charles V and wanted a new ally

Who captured the Pope in Rome in 1527?

Charles V’s army, the Hapsburg.

When did England and France declare war on Spain?

1528

What was the Battle of Landriano?

In 1529, Spain defeated France near Pavia, Italy. Securing power over the Pope and Italy.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Landriano?

French army destroyed, Francis de Bourbon (leader of the army) captured.

What did Wolsey do in response to Frances defeat in the Battle of Ladriano and why was it shut down?

He introduced a trade embargo (ban) against the Netherlands but it was shut down because of a protest from English cloth makers who needed access to the cloth.

What was the Treaty of Cambrai?

A peace agreement in 1529 between Spain and France, aimed at ending conflicts over Italy

What is an annulment?

A legal declaration that a marriage is null and void.

Why did Henry VIII need a male heir?

To ensure Tudor succession .

Who was Henry VIII’s and Catherine of Aragons only surviving child?

Mary I

When did Henry VIII start to ask for an annulment from Catherine of Aragon?

Around 1527

Who was Henry VIII's illegitimate son?

Henry FitzRoy, born in 1519.

When was Henry Fitzroy made the Duke of Richmond?

1525

Why was Pope Clement VII reluctant to annul Henry VIII’s marriage?

Charles V, who controlled Pope Clement, opposed the annulment.

Why did Charles V oppose Henry VIII’s annulment?

To maintain his family’s honour, maintain control over the Pope and avoid empowering Henry VIII

Why did Henry VIII think the Pope would grant his annulment easily?

He expected the Pope to favor him, especially with Wolsey's influence.

What biblical reason did Henry VIII use to annul his marriage?

Henry cited Leviticus: marrying his brother’s widow was an 'impurity.'

Why was annulling Catherine’s marriage challenging?

Catherine opposed annulment as a devout Catholic

How did Wolsey try to finalize the annulment in England?

Wolsey took the case to Blackfriars court in 1529 after Cardinal Campeggio’s compromise in 1528

What was Wolsey’s final argument to the Pope about the marriage?

Wolsey argued the Pope's permission was incorrectly worded.