Henry VIII and his ministers 1509-40

Star Chamber

Court run by Royal Council to maintain justice.

Enclosures

when land is fenced off and made private, leading to poverty

Subsidy

extra tax paid to the king to fund things like wars.

Henry Percy

Earl of Northumberland, imprisoned by Wolsey in 1516

Forced loans

Voluntary payments that could result in imprisonment for refusal.

Why did Wolsey's unpopularity increase?

Due to investigations into enclosures affecting landowners.

Taxation during Henry's reign

New taxes aimed at crisis prevention, but often unpopular.

What was Wolsey’s enquiry into enclosed land?

260 cases against landowners to get land back in 1517.

When was Wolsey’s enquiry into unlawfully enclosed land stopped?

1523, by landowners from Parliament

What were the reform made to the Star Chamber?

Strengthened its authority to protect the poor and ensure justice.

When did Henry VII ascend?

1485, ending the Wars of the Roses.

When did Henry VIII become king?

1509, after Henry VII's death.

When did Henry VIII marry Catherine?

1509

When did Arthur die?

1502, leading to Henry's marriage to Catherine.

What is the privy chamber?

Royal private apartment for confidential matters.

Who were some Henry VIII's ministers?

Wolsey, More, Brandon, and Cromwell.

What is the royal household?

Staff assisting with the monarch’s daily duties.

What is the royal council?

Advisors assisting the monarch in governing

What are justices of the peace?

Local judges who manage minor legal cases.

What is Parliament?

In charge of passing laws requested by the king and approving new taxes.

Who was Thomas Wolsey?

Henry VIII's most powerful and influential advisor.

Cardinal

A high-ranking official in the Catholic Church.

What role did Wolsey have organising the army against Frances?

Helped organise a strong army for France in 1513

What did Henry Percy’s arrest show?

Demonstration by Wolsey that no one is above the law

What is a papal legate?

Representative of the Pope in each country.

What are the Eltham Ordinances?

List of rules on how people should behave in Henry VIII’s palace’s.

What were the fifteenths and tenths tax?

Tax based on a percentage of goods and income.

When was the subsidy raised from £118,000 to £322,000?

Between 1513 and 1529

What is foreign policy?

How countries strategically deal with other countries.

When did Wolsey become Lord Chancellor?

1515.

When did Wolsey become Archbishop of York?

1515

When did Wolsey become papal legate?

1518

When did Wolsey become cardinal?

1515

What was Wolsey referred to people?

Alter Rex- second king. Henry did not take offence due to him respecting Wolsey

What was Thomas Wolsey's background?

He was the son of a butcher who provided him a strong education

How did Wolsey rise in society despite his non-noble background?

He studied at Oxford to become a priest, a path for non-nobles rise

What role did Wolsey have when Henry VIII became king?

He was a Royal Almonar, in charge of charity and became a member of the Royal Council.

How did Wolsey form a relationship with Henry VIII?

He used his charm, wit, and flattery to build a personal connection with the king.

Why was Wolsey lucky during Henry VIII's reign?

Henry favored pleasure, allowing Wolsey to handle governing

What was Scotland's status in the 1500s?

An independent nation north of England, allied to France

What was the Netherlands known for in the 1500s?

A trading nation under Spanish control, mainly exporting cloth

What was the Holy Roman Empire in 1519?

A group of central European states ruled by princes; Charles V became emperor of it in 1519.

Who ruled France in the 1500s, and what was its position in Europe?

From 1515, France under Francis I rivalled the Habsburgs and England. It was mostly Catholic with Europe’s largest population.

What was the Mediterranean Sea like in the 1500s?

A dangerous sea route under the control of pirates allied to the Ottoman Empire

What role did the Pope and the Papal States play in the 1500s?

The Pope led the Catholic Church and ruled parts of Italy. The Papal states were threatened by France and Spain.

What was the Ottoman Empire doing in the 1500s?

The Ottoman Empire was a strong Muslim state expanding into Europe and North Africa

What was Spain’s status in the 1500s under Charles Habsburg?

Spain, a Catholic power under Charles from 1516, grew rich from Aztec and Inca conquests.

What was England’s position in the 1500s?

England was a European power, ruling Wales and the Channel Islands, and claimed the French throne.

What were Henry VIII’s favorite hobbies as a young man?

Jousting, archery, and hunting.

What did Henry VIII dream of achieving?

Military glory through the conquest of France.

Why was England weaker than France and the Habsburg Empire?

England lacked the population and resources to compete.

What happened during Henry VIII’s first invasion of France in 1512?

It ended in failure due to drunkenness and disease.

What was the result of Henry’s second invasion of France in 1513?

He won the Battle of Spurs but only captured two towns.

Who became Henry’s chief negotiator in 1514?

Thomas Wolsey.

What was Wolsey’s role in Henry’s government?

He managed Henry’s goals and handled foreign policy for 15 years.

Who were the two major European rulers Henry had to deal with?

Francis I of France and Charles I of Spain.

How were Francis I and Charles I different from Henry?

They were more powerful.

Why did France and Spain often fight?

They had competing claims over territories in Europe.

How was England economically tied to Spain?

England relied on cloth from the Netherlands, ruled by Spain.

What made the rivalry between Henry and Francis I personal?

Their similar personalities and ambitions made them rivals.

What major event in 1515 increased tension with France?

Francis I defeated Spanish forces and took control of Milan.

How did Henry VIII react to Francis’s victory in Milan?

He became jealous and worried about France’s power.

What did Wolsey try to do in response to France’s growing power?

He tried to form alliances against France, but had little success.

What was the Treaty of London?

A peace deal in 1518 where European countries agreed not to fight each other.

Who made the Treaty of London happen?

Cardinal Wolsey, working for King Henry VIII.

Why was the Treaty of London important for England?

It made Henry VIII look like a powerful peacemaker in Europe.

Did the Treaty of London work?

the countries went back to war a few years later

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A 1520 meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I to build friendship.

Where did the Field of the Cloth of Gold happen?

Near Calais, in France

What was the goal of these conferences (Field of the Cloth of Gold) ?

To create peace and friendship between England and France.

Did the meeting succeed in making peace?

England later allied with Spain against France.

What was the Treaty of Bruges?

A secret deal in 1521 where England and Spain agreed to fight France together

Why was the Treaty of Bruges signed?

To form an alliance against France

What did England hope to gain from the Treaty of Bruges?

Land in France and a stronger alliance with Spain

Who did England fight with in the war against France in 1522-1523 ?

Spain, as an ally

Why did England go to war with France in 1522?

To gain land and power, following the Treaty of Bruges

What went wrong in the war against France?

It was expensive, Spain didn’t help much, and there were no big wins

How did people in England feel about the war with France?

Angry — it cost too much and achieved little

Who fought in the Battle of Pavia?

France and Spain (1525).

Who won the Battle of Pavia?

Spain, led by Charles V

What happened to Francis I at the Battle of Pavia?

He was captured by Spanish forces

How did Henry VIII react to the Battle of Pavia?

He wanted to invade France, but Charles V didn’t help him (1525).

Why was the Battle of Pavia important?

It showed Spain’s power and left England without a strong ally.

When was Henry and his army deserted by Charles V outside Paris?

1523

What was the Treaty of the More?

A peace deal in 1525 between England and France after the Battle of Pavia.

Why did Henry VIII agree to the Treaty of the More?

Because Charles V didn’t support him, and he needed money (1525).

What did France give England in the Treaty of the More?

An annual pension

What did Henry VIII give up in the Treaty of the More?

His claim to the French throne

What was the League of Cognac?

Alliance formed in 1526 to limit the power of Spain under Charles V

Who joined the League of Cognac?

France, the Pope of Rome, Venice and Florence (Italy)

What was the Treaty of Westminster?

An alliance in 1527 between England and France against Charles V

Why did Henry VIII sign the Treaty of Westminster

He was angry at Charles V and wanted a new ally

Who captured the Pope of Rome in 1527?

Charles V’s army, the Hapsburg.

What was the Sack of Rome?

In 1527, Charles V's troops invaded and looted Rome. They also captured their Pope.

When did England and France declare war on Spain?

1528

What was the Battle of Landriano?

A battle in 1529 near Pavia, Italy, where Spanish forces defeated the French.

What was the outcome of the Battle of Landriano?

French army destroyed, Francis de Bourbon captured.

What was the Treaty of Cambrai?

A peace agreement in 1529 between Spain and France, aimed at ending conflicts over Italy

What is an annulment?

A legal declaration that a marriage is null and void.

Why did Henry VIII need a male heir?

To secure the Tudor dynasty and prevent disputes over the throne.