Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
Hegel
develope history through dialectic (thesis, antithesis, make synthesis, which then is new thesis, and new antithesis forms from it), the goal of history is freedom
Marx
uses Hegel's dialectical, but includes materialism. capitalism (thesis) v. workers/poor (antithesis) makes synthesis of socialism (workers are the owners), which leads to communism,=people not individuals, part of a collective (no private property)
Kierkegaard
Aesthetic stage- interesting v. boring
Ethical stage- good v. bad
Religious stage- God's will v. reason
Utilitarianism
we should maximize "the good"
Jeremy Bentham
goal: avoid pain, secure pleasure
total happiness of all is important (not individual), equal happiness
pain and pleasure is the same for everyone.
1 pleasure + 1 pleasure - 1 pain = 1 pleasure
John Stuart Mill
like Bentham (happiness is important)
BUT:
pleasures and pains differ in quantity and quality
distinguished quality of pleasures between humans v. animals
we cannot spend all of our time worrying about the happiness of others
maximize a general happiness
Nietzsche
"Death of God"
If God is not the foundations of reality, then how can there be objective moral demands?
Without God, there is no frame of reference.
So, there are no moral facts/external values.
Master Morality (no acceptance of external values, CREATE their own, strong because of it)
Slavery Morality (Judeo-Christian thought, there are external values, "weaker" because they believe in external values)
praises selfishness
Pragmatism
American philosophy, reflects the practicality (do/believe whats actual/real) Americans prized in settling in their country
Charles Pierce
escape doubt and attain belief=inquiry
resolving doubt by:
Tenacity- believe tenaciously, ignoring contradictions
Authority- accepting its authority without question
Natural preferences- accepting because its self-evident
Science- believing based on external evidence
John Dewey
certainty cannot be found because beliefs can be proven wrong in future tests
fact= what WE like/desire/prize/etc
value= something IS good/right
William James
truth is the product of our interests, "what works" or is "useful," true when its convenient
Wittgenstein
most basic facts are what we can describe/picture are atomic facts
language= the ability to picture state of affairs (situations)
we can only think what we can picture (language can only picture what we sense)
in a world of facts (senses/pictures) there are no values, just EMOTIONS of disapproval or approval
ex: "kindness is good" can't be verified by observation
