Quiz 4 Philosophy

Hegel

develope history through dialectic (thesis, antithesis, make synthesis, which then is new thesis, and new antithesis forms from it), the goal of history is freedom

Marx

uses Hegel's dialectical, but includes materialism. capitalism (thesis) v. workers/poor (antithesis) makes synthesis of socialism (workers are the owners), which leads to communism,=people not individuals, part of a collective (no private property)

Kierkegaard

Aesthetic stage- interesting v. boring

Ethical stage- good v. bad

Religious stage- God's will v. reason

Utilitarianism

we should maximize "the good"

Jeremy Bentham

goal: avoid pain, secure pleasure

total happiness of all is important (not individual), equal happiness

pain and pleasure is the same for everyone.

1 pleasure + 1 pleasure - 1 pain = 1 pleasure

John Stuart Mill

like Bentham (happiness is important)

BUT:

pleasures and pains differ in quantity and quality

distinguished quality of pleasures between humans v. animals

we cannot spend all of our time worrying about the happiness of others

maximize a general happiness

Nietzsche

"Death of God"

If God is not the foundations of reality, then how can there be objective moral demands?

Without God, there is no frame of reference.

So, there are no moral facts/external values.

Master Morality (no acceptance of external values, CREATE their own, strong because of it)

Slavery Morality (Judeo-Christian thought, there are external values, "weaker" because they believe in external values)

praises selfishness

Pragmatism

American philosophy, reflects the practicality (do/believe whats actual/real) Americans prized in settling in their country

Charles Pierce

escape doubt and attain belief=inquiry

resolving doubt by:

Tenacity- believe tenaciously, ignoring contradictions

Authority- accepting its authority without question

Natural preferences- accepting because its self-evident

Science- believing based on external evidence

John Dewey

certainty cannot be found because beliefs can be proven wrong in future tests

fact= what WE like/desire/prize/etc

value= something IS good/right

William James

truth is the product of our interests, "what works" or is "useful," true when its convenient

Wittgenstein

most basic facts are what we can describe/picture are atomic facts

language= the ability to picture state of affairs (situations)

we can only think what we can picture (language can only picture what we sense)

in a world of facts (senses/pictures) there are no values, just EMOTIONS of disapproval or approval

ex: "kindness is good" can't be verified by observation