neuroanatomy final

Who systematically numbered the cytoarchitecture areas of the mammalian neocortex?

Korbinian Brodmann

who deduced the idea that information flows in one direction, from dendrites and soma to axons and their synapses?

Cajal

what sequence of events describes the ionic basis of an action potential?

an influx of sodium followed by an efflux of potassium

identify the structural-functional pair that is correctly matched

prefrontal cortex - executive function

what visual function is mediated by the rod circuits?

motion detection

what visual function is enhanced by retinal disparity?

depth perception

what anatomical feature mediates orientation preferences of simple cells in area 17?

columnar organization of neuronal response properties

what technique is best for revealing en passant terminals?

anterograde labeling

which structure is responsible for recycling retinal photopigments?

pigment epithelium

where are simple cells located in the visual system?

layer iv of brodmann area 17

what is illustrated in this photomicrograph?

ocular dominance columns in striate cortex

how was this photomicrograph acquired?

by injecting radioactive amino acid into one eye

where do most thalamocortical neurons terminate?

cortical layer iv

which neurons uses GABA as a neurotransmitter?

cortical chandelier cells

where do corticocortical feedforward projections terminate?

cortical layer iv

what function is related to the small neuron size in the parvocellular layers of the LGN?

visual acuity

how do large diameter axons differ from small diameter axons?

large axons have lower cytoplasmic resistance

what happens at most synapses between a photoreceptor and an off-bipolar cell?

glutamate release causes depolarization

which cns subdivision contains the neocortex?

telencephalon

who characterized the ionic basis of action potentials?

hodgkin and huxley

what prevents an action potential from reversing its direction midway thorugh the axon?

an efflux of potassium ions on its trailing edge

inactivation of sodium channels on its trailing edge

identify this type of neural processing

recurrent inhibition

what neurotransmitter is used in the output of cortical neurons?

glutamate

voltage-gated sodium channels exist in what states?

resting, open, and inactivated

which is NOT a property of a “Driver” synapse in the thalamus?

innervates the reticular nucleus

identify this type of synaptic configuration

synaptic convergence

who developed the process for staining myelin?

weigert

what layer of neocortex receives input from the thalamus?

layer four

which is not a property of the reticulospinal tract?

reticulospinal fibers descend bilaterally in the crus cerebri

which is NOT a feature which contributes to perceptual binding?

electrodes traversing the cortex vertically encounter neurons with different orientation preferences

the rubrospinal and tectospinal tracts augment which pathway?

corticospinal

which cranial nerve is affected in Bell’s palsy?

facial

descending projections from the brainstem release what two neurotransmitters to activate enkephalin interneurons?

serotonin and norepinephrine

which nerve tract modulates muscle tone?

reticulospinal tract

what method can be used analyze coordinated activity among interconnected neurons?

cross-correlation analysis

which is essential for CONSENSUAL pupillary light reflex?

midline-crossing fibers from the pretectal olivary nuclei

what neurotransmitter do all motor nuclei in the brainstem use?

acetylcholine

during the development of the brainstem:

alar plates differentiate into sensory nuclei and basal plates differentiate into motor nuclei

lesions to which area would cause deficits in declarative memory?

medial temporal lobe

identify two characteristics of the parasympathetic nervous system

cholinergic preganglionic neurons, discrete innervation

what area does the dentate gyrus project to in the trisynaptic circuit?

CA3

which limbic circuit helps regulate motivational behavior?

amygdalofugal efferents to the ventral striatum

the limbic system receives which neurotransmitter from which areas?

raphe nucleus / serotonin

which happens during Long Term Potentiation (LTP)?

repeated CA3 stimulation (tentanus) evokes a stronger response in CA1

inputs to basolateral nuclei of the amygdala come from where?

thalamus

which cns structure is activated by an increase in blood pressure?

caudal solitarius

the mammalian hippocampus uses which neurotransmitter and cell type for its output

glutamate via pyramidal layer

which limbic circuit helps regulate physiological responses?

central efferents via stria terminalis to the hypothalamus

what structure receives inputs from baroreceptors in the aortic arch?

nucleus of the solitary tract

what structure innervates the striated muscles of the pharynx and larynx?

nucleus ambiguus

what structure coordinates the lateral and medial recti during horizontal eye movements?

nucleus abducens

select the nucleus correctly paired with its efferent pathway

basal pontine nucleus - middle cerebellar peduncle

what brain region encodes sound localization?

superior olive

what structure is most likely to be damaged by excessive exposure to loud sounds?

cochlear hair cells

in the cochlea, what structure directly contact the stereocilia of the outer hair cells?

tectorial membrane

which physiological measure can indicate the prognosis of a comatose patient?

brainstem auditory evoked potentials

what structure in innervated by the ventral tegmental area?

nucleus accumbens

according to delong, what pathway disinhibits the thalamic nuclei that project to motor cortex?

direct striatopallidal pathway

what brain region projects to the ventral anterior thalamus?

substantia nigra pars reticulata

which neurotransmitter is used by striatal projections to the external globus pallidus?

GABA

which brain region DOES NOT project directly to the cerebellar cortex?

red nucleus

according to delong’s model, what functional change in the basal ganglia is likely to be associated with Huntington’s chorea?

increased activity in the direct pathway

which cortical area is active during mental rehearsal of complex finger movements?

supplementary motor cortex

which projection system use GABA as a neurotransmitter?

striatopallidal neurons

what does prolonged stimulation of the limb region in MI cortex evoke?

hand movements to a specific target

which structure DOES NOT receive direct projections from motor cortex?

globus pallidus

traumatic damage to which of the following structures could produce dysrhythmia?

cerebellar cortex

of the following structures, which one plays a major role in motor planning?

lateral cerebellar cortex

which mammalian neural structure seems most likely to represent an example of phylogenetic conversion from its ancestral condition?

neocortex

which species display shared primitive characters?

1 and 3

which species display shared derived character?

6 and 8

which species display homoplasous characters?

2 and 4

what is a criticism of the neuromeric model of brain development?

the forebrain doesn’t have well defined segments

evolution of the nervous system is:

none of the above

how many times has gyrencephaly arisen over the course of vertebrate evolution?

4

primate brains are associated with which special features?

all of the above

what is the relationship between brain size and body size?

allometric

why did nervous systems evolve?

all of the above