Structures (organelles) of a typical eukaryotic cell & their functions.

Vacuole

"storage bubbles" for food, water, and nutrients

Mitochondria

"powerhouse" of the cell - makes ATP

Lysosome

contains enzymes for digestion and eliminates waste

Nucleus

contains DNA and controls cellular functions

Cell Membrane

double protective layer made of phospholipids (a class of lipids that are the primary building blocks of cell membranes)

Golgi Apparatus

"packages" lipids and proteins for transport/secretion

Ribosome

synthesizes (makes) proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lipid and steroid hormone synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

transports proteins

Cytoplasm

liquid where organelles reside/the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell

Nucleolus

produces ribosomes

Centriole

produces microfilaments, used in cell division

Chloroplast

contains chlorophyll and absorbs sunlight (only plants)

Cell Wall

structure that provides protection and structure (only plants)

Microfilaments

support cell motility and transport materials within the cell

Microtubules

responsible for cell motility and movement of chromosomes during cell division.

Cytoskeleton

made of microtubules and microfilaments.

Cilia vs Flagella

Both are hair-like structures found on the surface of some cells, made of microtubules. Cilia are shorter and more numerous; functions include movement of fluid or cells over their surface.

Cilia vs. Flagella

Both are hair-like structures found on the surface of some cells, made of microtubules. Flagella propel cells through their environment.

Similarities between plant and animal cells.

Both include cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, smooth ER, rough ER, cytoplasm, nucleolus

Differences between plant and animal cells

Plant cells only - chloroplasts, cell wall, large central vacuole

Roles of proteins in the cell membrane

form channels or pumps that help to move materials in and out of the cell

Roles of carbohydrates in the cell membrane

allow individual cells to identify one another

Roles cholesterol in the cell membrane

helps keep the cell membrane fluid and flexible

Describe osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. A solute is a substance that is dissolved in a fluid.

Describe diffusion

occurs when substances flow from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Diffusion stops once equilibrium (balance) is reached.

Describe facilitated diffusion

diffusion using special protein channels and carrier proteins to assist in the transport of large, charged molecules or ions across the membrane.

Describe active transport

the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy (ATP)

The four main components of the cell membrane

Phospholipids (a bilayer consisting of hydrophilic glycerol heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails)

Carbohydrates

Protein Channels

Cholesterol

Function of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)

The cell membrane is flexible and selectively permeable. Its main function is to protect the cell.

effects of hypertonic solutions on a cell

water moves out - cell shrinks and may shrivel

effects of hypotonic, and isotonic solutions on a cell.

water moves in - cell swells and may burst

effects of isotonic solutions on a cell

no net movement - cell size does not change