Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Chemical formula for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

ADP is reusable. True or False

True

Photosynthesis definition

plants use light energy to convert H2O and CO2 into glucose and oxygen

Consumer (heterotroph) examples

Animals, fungi, protozoans, most bacteria

Producers (autotroph) examples

plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria

Visible spectrum of light from

violet to red

Pigment

compound that absorbs light

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight with

pigments (chlorophyll)

Chlorophyll

a pigment that absorbs mostly blue and red light and reflects green and yellow light

Accessory pigments

Absorb green and blue light, reflects red, orange and yellow light

Biochemical pathway

A series of chemical reactions occurring in the cell. The product of one reaction is reactant in next reaction

Light dependent reactions occur across the

thylakoid membrane

Light dependent reaction makes things needed for the _______ _____ , such as ____ and ____

Calvin Cycle, ATP, NADH

Input of light dependent reaction

light, H2O

Byproduct of light dependent reaction

O2

light independent reactions occur in the

stroma

Light independent reaction uses _____ to make ____

CO2, glucose

First step of Calvin cycle

carbon fixation

Chlorophyll is stored in

the thylakoid membrane

Granum

stack of thylakoids

Stroma

Fluid that fills chloroplast

Two names for light dependent reaction

electron transport chain, light rxn

Two names for light independent reaction

calvin cycle, dark rxn

Purpose of light dependent rxn

Capture energy from the sun and store energy in "energy-carrying molecules" (ATP and NADPH)

Light dependent reaction summary

- Water molecules are split into hydrogen and oxygen.

- Oxygen is released as a waste product.

- ATP and NADPH are charged up by the sun.

Light independent reaction purpose

use ATP and NADPH, the "energy-carrying molecules" from the light rxn to make glucose

Calvin cycle summary

- Series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions powered by ATP and NADPH that produce three-carbon (3-C) sugars from CO2 and the H+ from water.

- The cycle happens twice and then these 3-C sugars combine to make glucose = C6H12O6

Consumers synonym

heterotroph

Producers synonym

autotroph

Cellular respiration chemical equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ ATP but is not considered product)

Goal of cellular respiration

convert chemical energy in glucose to chemical energy stored in ATP

Energy is released in the form of ATP during cellular respiration but isn't considered a ______

product

Matrix

fluid-like substance that fills the space inside the inner membrane

Glycolysis is located in the

cytoplasm

All living things can do this step: ____

DOES NOT require ___ nor _____

glycolysis, O2, mitochondria

Purpose of glycolysis

to breakdown glucose into 2 smaller molecules called pyruvate

Glycolysis produces

2 ATP

After glycolysis, if ___ and ____ are present, the cell will go through ____ respiration

O2, mitochondria, aerobic

After glycolysis, If oxygen is NOT present, then the cell will go through _______ respiration, most commonly ________

anaerobic, fermentation

2 steps to aerobic respiration

1. Citric acid/krebs cycle

2. Electron transport chain

Citric Acid /Krebs Cycle occurs where

mitochondrial matrix

Krebs Cycle Process

2 pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are broken down to make 2 ATP molecules

Even though the Krebs cycle does not directly consume ______, it is still considered an ______ process

oxygen, aerobic

Net yield of ATP from Krebs Cycle

2 ATP

Krebs cycle byproduct (waste)

CO2

Aerobic respiration only occurs in

eukaryotic/mitochondrial cells

Electron transport chain location

Inner Membrane of mitochondria

Electron transport chain

A series of reactions that uses hydrogen ions and oxygen to synthesize ATP

Electron transport chain byproduct (waste)

H2O

Two types of fermentation

Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol fermentation

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in

bacteria and some animal cells (muscles)

In lactic acid fermentation

pyruvate molecules from glycolysis are converted to lactic acid

In lactic acid AND alcohol fermentation no

additional ATP is produced but molecules that are needed for glycolysis are synthesized at this step (nad+)

Alcohol fermentation occurs in

yeast

In alcohol fermentation, _____ from _____ is broken down into

pyruvate, glycolysis alcohol and CO2

Glycolysis does not require

oxygen (O2) or mitochondria

Krebs cycle (1st step of aerobic respiration) requires

mitochondria

Electron transport chain (2nd step of aerobic respiration) requires

o2 and mitochondria

Glycolysis does not require o2, meaning it is

anaerobic

Aerobic respiration yields ____ ATP

36-38

Anaerobic respiration yields

2-4 ATP

Electron transport train products (atp + waste)

Makes up to 34 ATP + water as waste

Process is very fast, thousands of ATP molecules can be made in milliseconds. What process?

glycolysis

Pyruvate is a ___ _________ compound

3 carbon

In the Krebs Cycle, _______ is broken down into _____

pyruvate acid, CO2

Cellular respiration

the process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

The electron transport chain in cellular respiration uses the electrons form Krebs Cycle to move

H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Substance needed to begin glycolysis

ATP

Inputs and outputs of light-independent rxn

Inputs: light, H2O

Outputs: O2

(makes atp and nadh for calvin cycle)

Inputs and outputs of calvin cycle, dark rxn

Inputs: CO2

Outputs: C6H12O6 , glucose

Glycolysis splits glucose into two __-carbon sugars

three

Inputs and outputs of glycolysis

Input: C6H12O6 (glucose)

Output: 2 net ATP, 2 pyruvate

Inputs and outputs of Krebs Cycle

Input: 2 pyruvate

Output: CO2, 2 ATP

Inputs and outputs of electron transport chain

Inputs: H+ ions, oxygen

Outputs: 34 ATP and water (H2O)