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What are world population clusters?
World population clusters refer to the areas of high population density where large numbers of people live, typically found in regions such as East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North America.
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Physiological Density
The number of people per unit of arable land which is suitable for agriculture
Carrying capacity
Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support
Census
The official count of a population
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics
Ecumene
The portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Overpopulation
A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Total fertility rate
The Average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime
Mortality rate
The percentage of deaths within a population over a given time period
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
Crude birth rate (CBR)
The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society
An example of a country with a high crude birth rate (CBR) is…
Uganda, 43 births per 1000 people per year
An example of a country with a low crude birth rate (CBR) is…
Japan, 7 births per 1000 people per year
Crude death rate (CDR)
The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society
Rate of Natural increase (NIR)
Percent at which a population grows in a year (excluding migrations)
CBR-CDR= NIR
Worldwide Natural increase rate in 2024
Growing by around 0.8%
Doubling time
The amount of time it takes for the population in a certain area to double (assuming NIR stays the same)
“Rule of 70”
Equation to calculate doubling time:
70/NIR= Doubling Time
(Ex. If NIR=2% the doubling time is 70/2=30years)
NIR in the US in 2024 is…
About 0.5
Population pyramid
Bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Maternal mortality rate
The number of women who die from pregnancy related courses per 1000 live births
TFR in the world (2024)
2.2
TFR in sub Saharan Africa (2022)
4.53 children per woman
TFR in the US today (2024)
1.8
TFR needed to maintain zero population growth
2.1
Dependency ratio
Number of people under 15yo and older than 64yo compared to the number of ppl active in the workforce
Graying population
A demographic pattern in which the percentage of a country’s population older than 65yo increases
Causes of a graying population
Stage 4 of DTM: Less people dying and less babies being born, resulting in a higher proportion of elderly individuals
Effects of a graying population
Fewer people in the workforce and more retired people dependent on the medical and social services of the nation
Anti natalist policies
Govt policies to reduce the NIR (chinas one child policy)
Demographic transition model (DTM)
The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.
Medical revolution
The leap of medical knowledge in strange 2 in DTM
Pro-natalist policies
Govt policies to increase the NIR (Estonia giving paid maternity leave and govt pays larger families more monthly money)
Zero population growth
Births + Immigration = Deaths + Emigration
Stage 1 of DTM
Birth rates: high
Death rates: high
0 NIR and hinting and gathering agricultural societies
Stage 2 of DTM
Birth rates: high
Death rates: declining
Medical revolution, wages improve
Stage 3 of DTM
Birth rates: declining
Death rates: low
Increasing amount of 65+ elderly, longer life expectancy
Floodplain
An area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks
Stage 4 of DTM
Birth rates: low
Death rates: low
Industrialized
Stage 5 of DTM
Birth rates: very low (often below 2.1)
Death rates: low (may increase bc of aging population)
Attracting immigrants, pronatalist policies
Declining birth rate
Medicine and contraceptives improve so women can choose how many children she wants
Thomas Malthus
1700s- warned that population growth would outstrip resources and agricultural production - did not happen because of 2nd agricultural revolution
Neo-Malthusian
Perspective that takes 2 additional factors into account: growing population in LDCs, and the outstripping of resources other than than food
Causes of CBR decline
Increased education, more contraceptives availiable, urbanization
Epidemiological transition
The process of change in the different causes of death in each stage of the demographic transtion
Epidemiology
Science of disease distribution and diseases that affect large numbers of people
Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Number of deaths in infants under 1 year out of 1000 live births in a society
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live in a certain society
Pandemic
Disease that occurs throughout the globe or wide geographic area
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another
Circulation
Short term, repetitive or cyclic movements that reoccur on a regular basis
Emigration
Movement of individuals out of an area
Forced migration
Human migration where movers have no choice than to emigrate
Immigration
Movement of individuals into a population
Internal migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
International migration
Permanent movement from one country to anothr
Interregional migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location
Migration transition
A change in the migration pattern - caused by industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
Net migration
# of immigrants - # of emigrants = determines if migration raises or lowers a regions population
Ravensteins laws
Most migrants move short distance
Females migrate shorter distances than males
Most migrants are young adults - families rarely migrate out of their country of birth
Voluntary migration
Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs
Asylum seeker
A person who left their home as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another
Guest worker
Foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
Internally displaced person
Someone who’s forced to fee his or her home but who remains within his or her country’s borders
Pull factor
A factor that draws or attracts people to another location
Push factor
Negative home conditions that encourage the decision to migrate
Refugee
Person who has been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster
Step migration
Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and layer to a town and city
Brain drain
The emigration of highly trained or smart people from a particular country
Chain migration
Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Intervening obstable
An environmental or cultural feature of landscape that hinders migration (not very prevalent now that we have planes), or political such as immigration laws, or language barriers
Quotas
Laws that place maximum limits on the people who can immigrate to a country each year
Remittances
Money migrants send back to their family and friends in their home country, often in cash, forming a important part of the economy in many poorer countries
Unauthorised immigration
People who enter a country without proper documents to do so
Transhumance
A seasonal periodic movement of herders and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures
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