APHG Unit 2

What are world population clusters?

World population clusters refer to the areas of high population density where large numbers of people live, typically found in regions such as East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and North America.

Agricultural density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

Arithmetic density

The total number of people divided by the total land area

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit of arable land which is suitable for agriculture

Carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support

Census

The official count of a population

Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics

Ecumene

The portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Overpopulation

A situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Total fertility rate

The Average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime

Mortality rate

The percentage of deaths within a population over a given time period

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society

An example of a country with a high crude birth rate (CBR) is…

Uganda, 43 births per 1000 people per year

An example of a country with a low crude birth rate (CBR) is…

Japan, 7 births per 1000 people per year

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society

Rate of Natural increase (NIR)

Percent at which a population grows in a year (excluding migrations)

CBR-CDR= NIR

Worldwide Natural increase rate in 2024

Growing by around 0.8%

Doubling time

The amount of time it takes for the population in a certain area to double (assuming NIR stays the same)

“Rule of 70”

Equation to calculate doubling time:

70/NIR= Doubling Time

(Ex. If NIR=2% the doubling time is 70/2=30years)

NIR in the US in 2024 is…

About 0.5

Population pyramid

Bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

Maternal mortality rate

The number of women who die from pregnancy related courses per 1000 live births

TFR in the world (2024)

2.2

TFR in sub Saharan Africa (2022)

4.53 children per woman

TFR in the US today (2024)

1.8

TFR needed to maintain zero population growth

2.1

Dependency ratio

Number of people under 15yo and older than 64yo compared to the number of ppl active in the workforce

Graying population

A demographic pattern in which the percentage of a country’s population older than 65yo increases

Causes of a graying population

Stage 4 of DTM: Less people dying and less babies being born, resulting in a higher proportion of elderly individuals

Effects of a graying population

Fewer people in the workforce and more retired people dependent on the medical and social services of the nation

Anti natalist policies

Govt policies to reduce the NIR (chinas one child policy)

Demographic transition model (DTM)

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Medical revolution

The leap of medical knowledge in strange 2 in DTM

Pro-natalist policies

Govt policies to increase the NIR (Estonia giving paid maternity leave and govt pays larger families more monthly money)

Zero population growth

Births + Immigration = Deaths + Emigration

Stage 1 of DTM

Birth rates: high

Death rates: high

0 NIR and hinting and gathering agricultural societies

Stage 2 of DTM

Birth rates: high

Death rates: declining

Medical revolution, wages improve

Stage 3 of DTM

Birth rates: declining

Death rates: low

Increasing amount of 65+ elderly, longer life expectancy

Floodplain

An area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks

Stage 4 of DTM

Birth rates: low

Death rates: low

Industrialized

Stage 5 of DTM

Birth rates: very low (often below 2.1)

Death rates: low (may increase bc of aging population)

Attracting immigrants, pronatalist policies

Declining birth rate

Medicine and contraceptives improve so women can choose how many children she wants

Thomas Malthus

1700s- warned that population growth would outstrip resources and agricultural production - did not happen because of 2nd agricultural revolution

Neo-Malthusian

Perspective that takes 2 additional factors into account: growing population in LDCs, and the outstripping of resources other than than food

Causes of CBR decline

Increased education, more contraceptives availiable, urbanization

Epidemiological transition

The process of change in the different causes of death in each stage of the demographic transtion

Epidemiology

Science of disease distribution and diseases that affect large numbers of people

Infant mortality rate (IMR)

Number of deaths in infants under 1 year out of 1000 live births in a society

Life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live in a certain society

Pandemic

Disease that occurs throughout the globe or wide geographic area

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another

Circulation

Short term, repetitive or cyclic movements that reoccur on a regular basis

Emigration

Movement of individuals out of an area

Forced migration

Human migration where movers have no choice than to emigrate

Immigration

Movement of individuals into a population

Internal migration

Permanent movement within a particular country

International migration

Permanent movement from one country to anothr

Interregional migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another

Intraregional migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country

Migration

Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location

Migration transition

A change in the migration pattern - caused by industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

Net migration

# of immigrants - # of emigrants = determines if migration raises or lowers a regions population

Ravensteins laws

1. Most migrants move short distance

2. Females migrate shorter distances than males

3. Most migrants are young adults - families rarely migrate out of their country of birth

Voluntary migration

Movement in which people relocate in response to perceived opportunity; not forced

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs

Asylum seeker

A person who left their home as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another

Guest worker

Foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country

Internally displaced person

Someone who’s forced to fee his or her home but who remains within his or her country’s borders

Pull factor

A factor that draws or attracts people to another location

Push factor

Negative home conditions that encourage the decision to migrate

Refugee

Person who has been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and layer to a town and city

Brain drain

The emigration of highly trained or smart people from a particular country

Chain migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Intervening obstable

An environmental or cultural feature of landscape that hinders migration (not very prevalent now that we have planes), or political such as immigration laws, or language barriers

Quotas

Laws that place maximum limits on the people who can immigrate to a country each year

Remittances

Money migrants send back to their family and friends in their home country, often in cash, forming a important part of the economy in many poorer countries

Unauthorised immigration

People who enter a country without proper documents to do so

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of herders and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures