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tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
organ system
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
examples of organ systems
digestive
circulatory
skeletal
muscular
respiratory
sensory, etc
respiratory system
moves air into and out of the lungs to control gas exchange between blood and lungs
digestive system
extracts and absorbs nutrients from food, removes waste and maintains water balance
circulatory system
transport nutrients, wastes, hormones and gases
skeletal system
protects and supports the body and organs, enables movement, produces blood cells
nervous system
regulates behaviour and responses to the environment
endocrine system
regulates and maintains homeostasis by secretion of hormones
enzymes
proteins that act as biological catalysts
all enzymes:
are protein molecules
control one specific chemical reaction
makes the reaction happen quickly and aren't used up
catalyst
substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
substrate
reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
active site
The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.
lock and key theory
a substrate fits into its enzyme just like a key fits a lock
catalase enzyme
breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
what factors can affect the rate of enzyme reaction?
enough substrate concentration
removal of products
right temperature
pH level
collision theory
all particles have natural energy and eventually theyre going to collide
how does temperature effect enzymes
Higher temperatures will cause them to increase activity but at extreme measures will cause them to denature. lower temperatures mean enzymes have less kinetic energy so the rate of reaction is slower
denatured enzyme
An enzyme which no longer functions because the shape of its active site changes, meaning the substrate can't fit into it
Optimum temperature for enzymes
the highest temperature an enzyme is not denatured at, so it works at the fastest rate without the active site changing shape
effect of pH on enzymes
enzymes have an optimum temperature, if they are in a pH too high or low from the optimum, they denature
stomach
able to relax and contract to bring about movement and can conduct electrical impulses and the stomach is needed to churn the food and digestive juices together
muscle tissue
specialised tissue which is able to relax or contract in order to bring about movement
where can muscle tissue be found
Skeletal muscles, heart, linings of organs (eg. stomach)
what are the three food groups that enzymes work on?
carbohydrates, proteins and fats
peristalsis
Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.
what are some adaptations of the small intestine that speed up digestion
villi for larger surface area
very thin walls for faster transfer (1 cell thick)
good blood supply
veins
Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart
arteries
Blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
capillaries
Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
role of veins, arteries and capillaries
transporting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood around the body
why do veins have valves but arteries dont
veins take blood back to the heart and have to go against gravity to get there, so to stop backflow, veins need valves
pulmonary circulation
flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
systemic circulation
circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
double circulation
heart->lungs->heart->body, allows oxygen to be picked up twice
heart
a muscular organ that pumps blood around the body through rhythmic contractions
why do we need blood circulation
move glucose and other nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and urea to and from cells
help fight disease
regulate body temperature
why is the left ventricle wall thicker than the right ventricle wall
the left ventricle has to pump blood across the whole body
valve
A flap of tissue in the heart or a vein that prevents blood from flowing backward.
atrium
upper chamber of the heart
ventricle
lower chamber of the heart
aorta
The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
vena cava
a large vein carrying deoxygenated blood into the heart
pulmonary vein
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary artery
artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
tricuspid valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
mitral valve
valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve
order of circulation
right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body, vena cava
coronary artery
The artery that supplies heart tissue with blood
thrombosis
blood clot
how do bypasses work
blood is rerouted to the heart-lung bypass machine, which does all the work for the heart and lungs. The heart is temporarily stopped so new grafts can be attached to reroute the blood supply around the blocked artery. it basically bypasses blood around the blocked artery
pros of bypasses
lower risk of stroke (as blocked arteries make this a higher risk)
fewer problems with memory loss and thinking skills
lower death rate
less need for transfusion
fewer heart rhythm problems
cons of bypasses
bleeding
heart attack
allergic reaction to anaesthetic or other materials used
lung infection
injury to nerves in chest, arms or legs
how do statins work
reduce amount of cholesterol made by the liver and helping the liver remove cholesterol that is already in the blood
pros of statins
lower cholesterol
protects against heart attacks and stroke
inflammation reduction in artery walls
cons of statins
side effects such as increased risk of diabetes
muscle aches
cramps
stiffness
memory problems
joint bone pain
how do stents work
Stents are tubes inserted into the arteries in an angioplasty procedure. They keep them open making sure that blood can pass through and access the heart. This keeps the patients heart beating
pros of stents
long term maintaining of blood flow
lower risk of stroke
better organ function (especially kidneys)
cons of stents
risk of complications such as allergic reaction to stent or anaesthetic
damage to artery inserted into
excessive bleeding
heart attack, stroke or death
plasma
Liquid part of blood. has platelets and red and white blood cells suspended in it. it also carries many dissolved substances around your body
haemoglobin
The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
oxyhaemoglobin
Haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached.
where is urea formed and where does it exit the body?
formed in the liver and removed via the kidneys as urine
what are some difference between white and red blood cells
white blood cells are much bigger, and there are fewer of them
white blood cells have a nucleus and form part of the body's defence system
how do white blood cells help to control microorganisms in the body
some produce antibodies to fight against microorganisms
some produce antitoxins to fight poisons made by microorganisms
phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms
why is it important that your white blood cells have different ways of killing microorganisms
some microorganisms may reproduce and mutate and different pathogens affect your body in different ways
what is the job of red blood cells
To carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body
adaptations of red blood cells
biconcave shape- increases surface area to volume ratio, increasing diffusion
no nucleus- more space for haemoglobin
packed full of haemoglobin that binds to oxygen
what is the structure of a platelet
small fragments of cells which have no nucleus , with their main job being to clot the blood
how does clotting prevent blood loss
involves producing a network of protein fibres that capture red blood cells ad more platelet to form a clot so that you dont bleed to death. this clot forms a scab which stops bacteria from entering a wound
what colour are veins and why
dark red/purple because its deoxygenated
properties of veins
Thin walls, valves to keep the blood flowing in 1 way, bring blood back to the heart, wide lumen
properties of arteries
thick walled, small lumen, muscle cells in the wall, high blood pressure, take blood away from the heart
properties of capillaries
1 cell thick wall, all exchange of substances, low pressure
endothelial cells
cells lining the blood vessel walls
steps to breathing
we breathe air in through our noses
the air travels down our trachea and into our lungs
the air then travels through the bronchus, into the bronchioles and finally into the alveoli
oxygen moves from the alveoli into our blood, where it gets sent away. CO2 moves from the blood out into the alveoli so we can breathe it out
bronchus
one of the two tubes that connect the lungs with the trachea
bronchioles
smallest branches of the bronchi
alveoli and adaptations
moist lining, good blood supply, very thin walls, enormous surface area
intercostal muscles
Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing
diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing
what happens when we breathe in
lung volume increases as air comes in
intercostal muscles contract
diaphragm moves downwards to allow lungs to fill with more air
what happens when we breathe out
lung volume decreases as air pushed out
intercostal muscles relax
diaphragm moves upwards
non-communicable disease
diseases which cant be spread
communicable disease
diseases which can be spread
communicable disease
diseases which can be spread
risk factors for getting diseases
eating unhealthy, high sugar foods
drinking and smoking
not exercising
not getting early detection
cancer
result of changes in cells that lead t uncontrolled growth and division
malignant
dangerous
benign
not dangerous/low risk
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