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Cellmembran

En tunn hinna som skyddar och håller ihop cellen.

Cellkärna

Innehåller DNA, som är bärare av generna (arvsanlagen).

Mitokondrie

Kallas cellens kraftverk och är platsen där socker förbränns med hjälp av syre för att producera energi (cellandning).

Kloroplast

Innehåller klorofyll och är involverad i fotosyntesen, där växten fångar ljusenergi för att omvandla koldioxid och vatten till socker.

DNA

Molekyl som bär på generna och styr produktionen av proteiner i cellen.

Proteiner

Viktiga molekyler i kroppen som fungerar som byggmaterial för celler, enzymer för kemiska reaktioner och hormoner som påverkar humöret.

PCR

Teknik för att snabbt masstillverka DNA-kopior och används för DNA-undersökningar.

PCR

A technique that mimics the cell's DNA replication process to create over 1,000 copies of a DNA sequence in just 10 doublings.

DNA analysis

The use of PCR to analyze DNA in individual cells, particularly useful in forensic science.

Chromosomes

DNA strands wrapped around proteins, humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell.

Cell division

The process in which chromosomes condense into thick rods during cell division, visible under a microscope.

Mutations

Permanent changes in the genetic material caused by damaged DNA molecules or errors during cell division.

Inheritance

The passing of genes from parents to offspring, influenced by both genetics and the environment.

Gene expression

The activation or inactivation of genes influenced by the environment, affecting an individual's traits.

Genetic variation

Differences between individuals and their parents due to a unique combination of genes and environmental influences.

Mitosis

The phase of the cell cycle in which a cell divides, resulting in two cells with the same number of chromosomes.

Meiosis

The process of sexual reproduction, producing cells with half the number of chromosomes, which combine to form offspring with a complete set of chromosomes.

Gregor Mendel

A scientist who studied inheritance using pea plants and discovered principles of genetic transmission.

DNA structure

The double helix structure of DNA, consisting of nucleotides with nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).

Proteins

Molecules that serve as building blocks in cells, comprising amino acids and performing various functions in the body.

Protein synthesis

The process of converting DNA into proteins through transcription and translation.

Transcription

The process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA in the cell nucleus using RNA polymerase.

Translation

The process of converting mRNA into proteins outside the cell nucleus, involving ribosomes and tRNA.

Genetic code

The sequence of codons on mRNA and corresponding anticodons on tRNA that determine the order of amino acids in a protein.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A technique for rapid DNA replication used in DNA analysis, such as in forensic science.