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1910
formation of South Africa
1912
African National Congress (ANC) created; ANC famous members: Luthuli, Mandela, Sisulu, Tambo
1921
South African Communist Party (SACP) created
1943
Mandela leads a bus boycott in Alexandra, Joburg
1948-1994
apartheid
1948
National Party (NP) wins election; begins apartheid
Chief Architects of Apartheid
Malan, Strijdom, and Verwoerd (Prime Ministers)
Luthuli
Zulu chief & Christian
One of the faces of Defiance Campaign
Pro-civil disobedience & nonviolent methods (Gandhi’s satygraha)
President of ANC (1952-67) - death
Nobel Peace Prize in 1961
Population Registration Act
1950
divided South Africans into white, Asian, Coloured, and African
Suppression of Communist Act
1950
Group Areas Act
1950
assigned races to different urban areas
forced removal (mostly Africans - Sophiatown to Soweto - 1955 - created a Triompf neighborhood for whites)
Huddleston Anglican priest
Cato Manor in Durban 1960 - Indians
Cape Flats in Cape Town - coloureds
1951
Creation of Homelands through Bantu Authorities Act (10 Bantustans, Verwoerd)
1952
Defiance Campaign; intiated by ANC & SAIC (South African Indian Congress)
refusal to carry passes
going to white areas
ANC membership increased from 7k to 100k
peaceful
foundation of Congress Alliance
Bantu Education Act
1953
Public Safety Act
1953
gov can declare emergency at any time
reaction to Defiance Campaign
Criminal Law Amendment Act
1953
protests not allowed
reaction to Defiance Campaign
Freedom Charter
1955
manifesto signed by major anti-Apartheid orgs demanding equal rights of all races
Treason Trial
1956
arrest of 156
charged with high treason
conspiracy to overthrow the state by violence & replace it with a state based on communism
Mandela & Luthuli arrested (among others)
acquitted in 1961
Alexandra Bus Boycott
fee reversed to original one after 3 months
PAC
Pan African Congress by Robert Sobukwe formed
Africa for Africans
Sharpeville Massacre
1960
organized by PAC
going to police stations without passes & demanding to be arrested
internal cry
UN Resolution
peaceful march of thousands in Cape Town
69 killed, 200 wounded
state of emergency & thousands arrested
ANC & PAC - moderation —> militancy
ANC - uMkhonto (MK) - leader: Mandela
PAC - poqo (pure)
Rivonia Trial
1964
raided Liliesleaf farm - 17 MK leaders (Sisulu)
Mandela already imprisoned (1961 & 1962) for leaving country (Supression of Communism Act, Sabotage Act (1962), General Law Amendment Act (1963))
General Law Amendment Act
90-day detention law
1963
“I am Prepared to Die”
3 hr speech by Mandela in the courthouse
Mandela & 7 others in ANC sentenced to life imprisonment