COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Community development

A process where people come together to take action on what's important to them.

Community development

Rooted in the belief that all people should have access to health, wellbeing, wealth, justice and opportunity

Community development

Fundamentally based on the values of human rights, social justice, equality and respect for diversity

Community development

Also understood as a professional discipline, and is defined by the International Association for Community Development as "a practicebased profession and and an academic discipline that promotes participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice, through the organization, education and empowerment of people within their communities, whether these be of locality, identity or interest, in urban and rural settings".

Community development

A practice based profession and and an academic discipline that promotes participative democracy, sustainable development, rights, economic opportunity, equality and social justice, through the organization, education and empowerment of people within their communities, whether these be of locality, identity or interest, in urban and rural settings.

Community development

Seeks to empower individuals and groups of people with the skills they need to effect change within their communities.

Community development

Its purpose is to build communities based on justice, equality and mutual respect. It involves changing the relationships between ordinary people and people in positions of power, so that everyone can take part in the issues that affect their lives.

Community development

A long term value based process which aims to address imbalances in power and bring out change founded on social justice, equality and inclusion.

community development approach

A way of working with communities and people to set agendas and organize.

Welfare, Modernization, Transformatory

3 Community Development Approach

Welfare Approach

The immediate and/or spontaneous response to ameliorate the manifestations of poverty, especially on the personal level.

Welfare Approach

Assumes that poverty is God Given; destined, hence the poor should accept their condition since they will receive their just reward in heaven.

Welfare Approach

Believes that poverty is caused by bad luck, natural disasters and certain circumstances which are beyond the control of people.

Modernization Approach

Also referred to as the Project Development Approach.

Modernization Approach

Introduces whatever resources are lacking in a given community

Modernization Approach

Also considered a National Strategy which adopts the western mode of technological development

Modernization Approach

Assumes that development consists of abandoning the traditional methods of doing things and must adopt the technology of industrial countries

Modernization Approach

Believes that poverty due to lack of education, lack of resources such as capital and technology.

Transformatory Approach

Also refer to as the Participatory Approach

Transformatory Approach

The process of empowering/transforming the poor and the oppressed sectors of society so that they can pursue a more just and humane society.

Transformatory Approach

Assumes that poverty is not God-given, rather it is rooted in the historical past and is maintained by the oppressive structure in society.

Transformatory Approach

Believes that poverty is caused by prevalence of exploitation, oppression, domination and other unjust structures.

Community Organizing Participatory Action Research

Meaning of COPAR

COPAR

A social development approach that aims to transform the apathetic, individualistic and voiceless poor into dynamic, participative and politically responsive community.

COPAR

A collective, participatory, transformative, liberative, sustained and systematic process of building people’s organizations by mobilizing and enhancing the capabilities and resources of the people for he resolution of their issues and concerns towards effective change in their existing and oppressive and exploitative conditions.

COPAR

Prepares people/clients to eventually take over the management of a development program in the future.

COPAR

Maximizes community participation and involvement; community resources are mobilized for community services.

A

PROCESSES/METHODS USED IN COPAR

Which begins with small, local and concrete issues identified by the people and the evaluation and reflection of and on the action taken by them.

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A. A Progressive Cycle Of Action-Reflection-Actions

B. Consciousness Raising

C. COPAR Is Participatory And Mass Based

D. COPAR Is Group Centered And Not Leader Oriented

B

ROCESSES/METHODS USED IN COPAR

Through experiential learning is essential to the COPAR process because it places emphasis on learning that emerges from concrete action and which enriches succeeding action

\
A. A Progressive Cycle Of Action-Reflection-Actions

B. Consciousness Raising

C. COPAR Is Participatory And Mass Based

D. COPAR Is Group Centered And Not Leader Oriented

C

ROCESSES/METHODS USED IN COPAR

Because it is primarily directed towards and biased in favor of the poor, the powerless and the oppressed.

\
A. A Progressive Cycle Of Action-Reflection-Actions

B. Consciousness Raising

C. COPAR Is Participatory And Mass Based

D. COPAR Is Group Centered And Not Leader Oriented

D

ROCESSES/METHODS USED IN COPAR

Leaders are identified, emerge and are tested through action rather than appointed or selected by some external force or entity.

\
A. A Progressive Cycle Of Action-Reflection-Actions

B. Consciousness Raising

C. COPAR Is Participatory And Mass Based

D. COPAR Is Group Centered And Not Leader Oriented

Pre-entry, Entry, Sustenance and Strengthening, Organizational Building, Phase Out, Evaluation, Monitoring

7 PHASES OF THE COPAR PROCESS

Pre-entry Phase

It is the initial phase of the organizing process where the community/organizer looks for community to serve/help.

Pre-entry Phase

It is considered as the simplest phase in terms of actual outputs, activities, and strategies and time spent for it

Entry Phase

Sometimes called the social preparation phase as it the activities done here includes the sensitization of the people on the critical events in their life, motivating them to share their dreams and ideas on how to manage their concerns and eventually mobilizing them to take collective actions.

Entry Phase

This phase signals the actual entry of the community workers/organizers into the community

Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

Occurs when the community organization has already had been established and the community members are already actively participating in community wide undertakings.

Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

At this point, the different committees set up in the organization building phase are already expected to be functioning by way of planning, implementing and evaluating their own programs, with the over all guidance from the community wide organization

Organizational Building Phase

Entails the formation of more formal structure and the inclusion of more formal procedures of planning, implementing and evaluating community wide activities.

Organizational Building Phase

It is at this phase where the organized leaders or groups are being given training to develop their AKS in managing their own concerns or programs.

Phase out phase

Considered as the turn over phase of the process

Phase out phase

Emphasize the monitoring and evaluation of the process done

Evaluation

Is an essential component of planning and should be built in as the plan of services if considered

Evaluation

Is a process that is designed to show the relationship between services rendered and the objective or purpose of the service/unit/care provider

Evaluation

Not a record nor count of what was done but of what DIFFERENCE the doing made.

Evaluation

Is mainly used to help in the selection and design of the future plans/programs/projects

Evaluation

Is assessment of whether or not the planned project strategy actually worked for the community.

Impact Evaluation, Cost Effective Analysis

2 Types of Evaluation

Impact Evaluation

Estimates the impact of the project or program on the community by comparing the conditions of the affected groups after it has taken place with what would have been

Cost Effective Analysis

Is done to compare alternative projects in terms of the cost of producing a given output.

Monitoring

Is an internal projects/intervention activity concerned to assess whether resources are being used as intended and whether they are producing the intended outputs.

Both Monitoring and Evaluation

Vital elements of project management

Integration, Social Investigation, Tentative Program Planning, Groundworking, The Meeting, Role play, Mobilization or Action, Evaluation, Reflection, Organization

10 Critical Steps (Activities) In Buildings People's Organization

Integration

A CO becoming one with the people in order to immerse themselves in the poor community amd understand deeply the culture, economy, leaders, history, rhythms and lifestyle in the community

Social Investigation

A systematic process of collecting, collating, analyzing data to draw a clear picture of the community.

Social Investigation

Also known as the Community Study

Tentative Program Planning

CO to choose one issue to work on in order to begin organizing the people.

Groundworking

Going around and motivating the people on a one on one basis to do something on the issue that has been chosen.

The Meeting

People collectively ratifying what they have already decided individually.

Role play

Means to act out the meeting that will take place between the leaders of the people and the government representatives.

Mobilization or Action

Actual experience of the people in confronting the powerful and the actual exercises of people power.

Evaluation

The people reviewing the steps 1-7 so as to determine whether they were successful or not on their objectives

Reflection

Dealing with deeper, on going concerns to look at the positive values CO is trying to build in the organization.

Organization

The people's -- is the result of many successive and similar actions of the people.

A

ACTIVITIES

Designing a plan for community development including all its activities and strategies for care/development.

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A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

A

ACTIVITIES

Designing criteria for the site selection

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

A

ACTIVITIES

Actual selection the site for community care: Prioritizatio

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

A

ACTIVITIES

Identification of potential leader

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

B

ACTIVITIES

Organize CHO

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

B

ACTIVITIES

SALT II

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

B

ACTIVITIES

Meet and Plan

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

C

ACTIVITIES

Core group formation

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

C

ACTIVITIES

Orientation

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase

C

ACTIVITIES

SALT I

\
A. Pre-entry phase

B. Entry Phase

C. Sustenance and Strengthening Phase