Chapter 14 - The Ramifications of Slavery

Peculiar Institution

• Created by John C. Calhoun
• ^^Was a euphemism used to avoid directly naming slavery^^
• Based on the belief that slavery was beneficial to US + slaves

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Cotton Kingdom

• 1800-1865
• Focused on the importance of cotton to Southern economies
• Southern economies had ideally suited climate for cash crops
• Inventions like the cotton gin + screw press made cotton production more efficient
• Raw material required by Britain + Northern textile factories

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Mason-Dixon Line

• Border between Maryland + Pennsylvania
• ^^Divided North + South to determine if territories were slave or free states^^

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Cotton Gin

• 1793
• Invented by Eli Whitney
• Used to quickly + efficiently produce more cotton

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Slave Codes

• Tolerated harsh punishment + murder of slaves
• Enforced white supremacy
• ^^Slaves were forbidden from owning their own property or traveling freely^^
• 1833 - Slave states toughened slave codes

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Manumission

• Formal freeing of slaves
• Manumission laws were eventually tightened to prevent increase of free African American population
• Practiced by few slave owners (most kept slaves until they died)

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Amistad

• ^^1839 - Slaves revolted on slave ship Amistad^^
• Helped by John Q. Adams
• After securing their freedom, they returned to Sierra Leone

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Christian Paternalism

• Southern revivals shared by slaves + slave owners
• Practicers of Christian paternalism treated their slaves better BUT were against manumission
• Believed that treating their slaves better would lead them to be more efficient + produce more cotton

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Gabriel Prosser

• ^^1800 - 1st leader of slave insurrection^^
• When his plans were leaked to the governor of Virginia, he was hanged

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Denmark Vesey

• Purchased his education + freedom
• After reading abolitionist literature, he became very dissatisfied with slavery
• 1822 - When it was discovered that he was planning a slave revolt, he was hanged
• Inspired John Brown

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Nat Turner

• ^^Led a successful slave uprising^^
• 1831 - After the rebellion he was captured and hanged
• Resulted in the South tightening their slave codes

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Frederick Douglass

• Abolitionist, author, orator
• 1841 - Wrote famous abolitionist speeches
• 1845 - Wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass
• Published the North Star, an abolitionist newspaper
• Advisor to John Brown + Abraham Lincoln
• Inspired abolitionists

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Sojourner Truth

• ^^Abolitionist orator^^
• 1826 - Escaped from slavery
• 1851 - Attended women’s rights convention

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Negro Spirituals

• Combination of African + American influences
• Used to mix African culture + the experience of being a slave
• Kept spirits high while slaves were forced to work in the fields
• Eventually used to send coded messages in the Underground Railroad

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Slave Society

• ^^The more property and slaves a person owned, the more powerful they were^^
• Slave posses were used to capture escaped slaves
• Acceptance of “peculiar institution”

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Black Codes

• Kept free African Americans “in their place”
• Prevented slave uprisings
• Led to much racism + discrimination

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Hinton R. Helper

• ^^__1857 __- Wrote The Impending Crisis of the South^^
  • Attacked slave owners
  • Believed slave states had a weak economy compared to free states
  • Abolitionist message
• Was still racist, as he wanted to deport African Americans to Africa

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Positive Good Theory

• Created by John C. Calhoun
• Belief that slaves’ lives were “better” than Africans’ + Northern factory workers’ lives
• Belief that African Americans needed the guidance of whites, which made them acceptable to serve as slaves

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George Fitzhugh

• Promoter of the positive good theory
• ^^Believed that a slave society was an ideal society^^
• Wanted the expansion of slavery
• 1854 - Wrote Sociology for the South

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Elijah P. Lovejoy

• Editor + publisher of an abolitionist newspaper
• Killed by a mob in 1837

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William Lloyd Garrison

• ^^1831 - Published The Liberator, an abolitionist newspaper^^
• Abolitionist societies
• Fully supported Civil War
• Beliefs in prohibition + women’s rights

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Harriet Tubman

• 1849 - Escaped slavery
• Leader of the Underground Railroad
• Guided 300+ slaves to freedom
• Nicknamed Moses

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Underground Railroad

• 1840 - Supported emancipation of slaves
• ^^1830-1860 - Helped 50,000+ slaves escape^^
• Slaves were helped along by Quakers + abolitionists
• Personal liberty laws protected escaped slaves

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American Colonization Society

• Founded in 1816
• ^^Had the goal of transporting free African Americans to Africa^^
• The Nat Turner rebellion eventually shut down African emigration

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BIG PICTURE

• Slavery + cotton shaped Southern society
• African slavery - “Positive good”
• Slaves developed unique culture
• Abolitionists called for end to slavery
• South - Pro-slavery + political tactics

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• Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

  • Impressment - Captured + forced Americans into British Navy
  • HMS Leopard (Britain) attacked USS Chesapeake (US)
  • Jefferson protested to Britain → No effect (continued impressment)

• Jefferson’s philosophy

  • Limit power of federal gov’t
  • Less gov’t spending (reduced size of military)
  • Pay off debts
  • Lowered tariffs + got rid of excise taxes

• Effects of the War of 1812

  • NA lost land + pushed West
  • Expanded slavery + cotton production in South
  • No territory gained/lost by US + England
  • US became economically self-reliant + increased manufacturing
  • **Era of Good Feelings - One political party → No party conflict

• Naval problems

  • Barbary pirates of Tripoli - Preyed on American + European commercial vessels
  • 1805 - Jefferson sent Navy + Marines to stop attacks

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