AP Biology

hydrogen bond

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP

CLPN

nucleotide

phosphate, %c sugar, N2 base

amino acids differ

R group

unsaturated FA

double bond, low melting point, bendy

saturated FA

single bonds, high melting point, straight

strand nucleotide +

3' covalent

primary structure

sequence of amino acids

secondary structure

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.

tertiary structure

3D shape, R groups of the amino acids interact

quarternary structure

2+ polypeptide subunits.

3'

carboxyl terminus

5'

phosphate terminus

starch

energy plants

glycogen

energy humans

Endoplasmic Reticulum

system of membranes that is found. Production of lipids, processing, and transport of proteins

Detoxification and lipid synthesis

Rough ER

membranous sacs covered with proteins

Compartmentalization

Golgi complex

modifies, packages, and transports proteins

lysosome

digestion, recycling, apoptosis

vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

thylakoid

fattened sac inside the chloroplast, light dependent reaction

grana

stacks of thylakoids

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast

Light independent

turgor pressure

internal cellular force, caused by water pushing up against the plasma membrane and cell wall

hydrophilic head

phosphate polar

hydrophobic tail

fatty acid nonpo;ar

peripheral proteins

surface

integral proteins

go through membrane

Fluid Mosaic Model

accurate fluid and has embedded proteins

glycoprotein

protein with 1+ carb attached

glycolipids

lipid with 1+ carb attached

channel protein

hydrophilic tunnel

plasmodemata

holes between cells that allow for transfer

plant wall

cellulose

fungi wall

chitin

prokaryotic wall

peptidoglycan

endocytosis

takes in material

phagocytosis

eat cell

pinocytosis

drink cell

receptor-mediated endocytosis

with receptor proteins

cotransport

active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances

symport

transport same direction

antiport

transport opposite direction

electrochemical gradient

membrane and electrical potential

aquaporin

water channel protein in a cell

solute

being dissolved

solvent

dissolves a solute

hypertonic

more solute

hypotonic

less solute

water potential

pressure potential + solute potential

• water potential

likely water will move into the area

exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

endosymbiosis

process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes (chloroplast and mitochondria)

negative control

not exposed to the experimental treatment or any treatment known to have an effect

positive control

treatment with known response

denaturation

temperature and pH

pH denaturation

reversible

temp denaturation

irreversible

allosteric sites

a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind

chlorophyll

absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

photosystem

light-collecting units of the chloroplast

atp synthase

enzyme that adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP

light dependent

light to chemical energy, ATP and NADPH

calvin cycle

makes organic products that plants need using products from the light reactions

etc

transfers energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions. Establish protein gradients across membranes

decoupling

protons will not create ATP. Energy released as heat

oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis

produce ATP using energy from redox reactions of an ETC

thermoregulation

heat from decoupling

RTR

three stages of cell signaling

transduction

convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response

Phosphorylation cascade

amplifies signal. a protein kinase activates another...

ligand

chemical messenger

quorum sensing

signal mechanism used by bacteria. Used to detect changes in population density

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

G0

a resting stage, DNA replication and cell division stop

g1, g2, m

Checkpoints in the cell cycle

m spindle checkpoint

fiber attachment to chromosome check

Cyclins and CDKs

regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control

cyclin produced

promote progression

CDK activation

cyclin attachment

Diplod

2n, body

haploid

n, sex

meiosis

mitosis produces

2 identical 2n daughters

meiosis produces

4 different n haploid

crossing over P1, random assortment M1, fertilization

genetic diversity

law of segregation

pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed

law of independent assortment

genes separate independently of one another in meiosis

A or B

add

A and B

multiply

circles

females

squares

males

generations

indicated with roman numerals

null hypothesis

no relationship

alternative hypothesis

something happened

chi sqaure

Tests for strength of the association

linked genes

inherited together because close on same chromosome

map distance

how close together a pair of linked genes is

sex linked

gene located on the X or Y chromosome

phenotypic plasticity

ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype