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hydrogen bond
weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
CHO, CHO, CHON, CHONP
CLPN
nucleotide
phosphate, %c sugar, N2 base
amino acids differ
R group
unsaturated FA
double bond, low melting point, bendy
saturated FA
single bonds, high melting point, straight
strand nucleotide +
3' covalent
primary structure
sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
tertiary structure
3D shape, R groups of the amino acids interact
quarternary structure
2+ polypeptide subunits.
3'
carboxyl terminus
5'
phosphate terminus
starch
energy plants
glycogen
energy humans
Endoplasmic Reticulum
system of membranes that is found. Production of lipids, processing, and transport of proteins
Detoxification and lipid synthesis
Rough ER
membranous sacs covered with proteins
Compartmentalization
Golgi complex
modifies, packages, and transports proteins
lysosome
digestion, recycling, apoptosis
vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
thylakoid
fattened sac inside the chloroplast, light dependent reaction
grana
stacks of thylakoids
stroma
fluid portion of the chloroplast
Light independent
turgor pressure
internal cellular force, caused by water pushing up against the plasma membrane and cell wall
hydrophilic head
phosphate polar
hydrophobic tail
fatty acid nonpo;ar
peripheral proteins
surface
integral proteins
go through membrane
Fluid Mosaic Model
accurate fluid and has embedded proteins
glycoprotein
protein with 1+ carb attached
glycolipids
lipid with 1+ carb attached
channel protein
hydrophilic tunnel
plasmodemata
holes between cells that allow for transfer
plant wall
cellulose
fungi wall
chitin
prokaryotic wall
peptidoglycan
endocytosis
takes in material
phagocytosis
eat cell
pinocytosis
drink cell
receptor-mediated endocytosis
with receptor proteins
cotransport
active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances
symport
transport same direction
antiport
transport opposite direction
electrochemical gradient
membrane and electrical potential
aquaporin
water channel protein in a cell
solute
being dissolved
solvent
dissolves a solute
hypertonic
more solute
hypotonic
less solute
water potential
pressure potential + solute potential
water potential
likely water will move into the area
exocytosis
release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.
endosymbiosis
process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes (chloroplast and mitochondria)
negative control
not exposed to the experimental treatment or any treatment known to have an effect
positive control
treatment with known response
denaturation
temperature and pH
pH denaturation
reversible
temp denaturation
irreversible
allosteric sites
a region of the enzyme other than the active site to which a substance can bind
chlorophyll
absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis
photosystem
light-collecting units of the chloroplast
atp synthase
enzyme that adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP
light dependent
light to chemical energy, ATP and NADPH
calvin cycle
makes organic products that plants need using products from the light reactions
etc
transfers energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions. Establish protein gradients across membranes
decoupling
protons will not create ATP. Energy released as heat
oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis
produce ATP using energy from redox reactions of an ETC
thermoregulation
heat from decoupling
RTR
three stages of cell signaling
transduction
convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response
Phosphorylation cascade
amplifies signal. a protein kinase activates another...
ligand
chemical messenger
quorum sensing
signal mechanism used by bacteria. Used to detect changes in population density
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
G0
a resting stage, DNA replication and cell division stop
g1, g2, m
Checkpoints in the cell cycle
m spindle checkpoint
fiber attachment to chromosome check
Cyclins and CDKs
regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control
cyclin produced
promote progression
CDK activation
cyclin attachment
Diplod
2n, body
haploid
n, sex
meiosis
mitosis produces
2 identical 2n daughters
meiosis produces
4 different n haploid
crossing over P1, random assortment M1, fertilization
genetic diversity
law of segregation
pairs of alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed
law of independent assortment
genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
A or B
add
A and B
multiply
circles
females
squares
males
generations
indicated with roman numerals
null hypothesis
no relationship
alternative hypothesis
something happened
chi sqaure
Tests for strength of the association
linked genes
inherited together because close on same chromosome
map distance
how close together a pair of linked genes is
sex linked
gene located on the X or Y chromosome
phenotypic plasticity
ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype
Note 
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