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Studied by 25 peopleAdvanced Operant Conditioning Procedures
- Theories of Reinforcement
- drive reduction theory: event is reinforcing to the extent that it is associated with reduction in physiological drive
- hunger, thirst, homeostatic body temp, etc
- we want to engage in behaviors that reduce tension
- most theorists no longer believe that drive reduction theory is a comprehensive theory
- incentive motivation: derived from property of reinforcer v internal drive state (getting paid, getting a grade, playing a video game for fun)
- premack principle
- emphasizes observable behavior patterns v hypothetical internal processes
- more objective way to determine whether something can be used as a reinforcer
- reinforcers viewed as behaviors rather than stimuli
- behavior being reinforced
- behavior reinforcer
- high-probability behavior can be used to reinforce low-prob behavior
- first you work, then you play
- response deprivation hypothesis: behavior can serve as reinforcer when access to the behavior is restricted and frequency falls below preferred level of occurrence
- can’t do X at all until you’ve done Y
- behavioral bliss approach: organism w free access to multiple activities will distribute its behavior to maximize overall reinforcement
- will never reach behavioral bliss point but will structure life around reaching it
- shaping: gradual creation of new behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations
- positive reinforcement: further distinctions
- more immediate reinforcer ➝ stronger its effect on the behavior
- primary / unconditioned reinforcer ➝ innately reinforcing (food, water)
- secondary / conditioned reinforcer ➝ reinforcing event because associated with other reinforcer (nice clothes, good grades)
- generalized / generalized second reinforcer ➝ reinforcing bc associated with several other reinforcers (ex: money)
- intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement
- intrinsic reinforcement - provided by mere act of performing behavior
- extrinsic reinforcement - provided by some external consequence
- extrinsic rewards usually have little or no effect on intrinsic motivation
- rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation when
- reward is expected
- reward is tangible
- reward is given for performing the activity and not for how well its performed
- natural and contrived rewards
- natural reinforcers: typically provided for a certain behavior, expected consequence of the behavior within that setting
- ex: money for working
- contrived / artificial reinforcers: deliberately arranged to modify a behavior. not a typical consequence of the behavior within that setting
- natural reinforcers are more efficient
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