Stages of the Cell Cycle for AP Biology (AP)

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Learn the stages of cell cycle.

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30 Terms

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Cell cycle

A series of events that a cell goes through as it grows and divides, fundamental to growth, tissue repair, and cell replacement.

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Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.

What are the main phases of the cell cycle?

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Interphase

The longest phase of the cell cycle, accounting for over 90% of total cycle time, involving growth and preparation for division.

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G1 phase

Intense growth, cellular activity, protein synthesis, and checks for DNA damage and resources occurs in what phase?

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DNA replication occurs, duplicating the entire genome to ensure each daughter cell receives identical chromosomes.

What happens in the S phase?

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Final preparations for mitosis, production of necessary proteins, and checks for DNA replication errors.

What is the role of the G2 phase?

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G0 phase

A resting state where cells exit the cell cycle and do not actively divide; this can be temporary or permanent.

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To divide the nucleus, ensuring each daughter cell receives a full, identical set of chromosomes.

What is the purpose of Mitosis?

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Prophase

Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers begin to form.

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Metaphase

Chromosomes align along the metaphase plate and spindle fibers attach to their centromeres.

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Anaphase

The phase where centromeres split and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles by spindle fibers.

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Telophase

Separated chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear membranes reform, and chromatin begins to de-condense.

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Cytokinesis

The final step of cell division where the cytoplasm is divided, resulting in two distinct daughter cells.

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It checks for DNA damage, sufficient resources, and favorable environmental conditions.

What does the G1 checkpoint assess?

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Checkpoints in the cell cycle

Regulatory mechanisms that assess whether key processes are completed accurately before progressing to the next phase.

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That all chromosomes are properly aligned on the metaphase plate before entering anaphase.

What does the M checkpoint ensure?

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They regulate the progression of the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

What role do cyclins play in the cell cycle?

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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)?

Enzymes that, when activated by cyclins, drive the progression through the cell cycle.

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Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs when a cell is significantly damaged, preventing propagation of defective cells.

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Tumor suppressor genes

Genes that produce proteins that inhibit the cell cycle or induce apoptosis in damaged cells.

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Oncogenes

Mutated versions of normal genes that promote uncontrolled cell division, often associated with cancer.

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Telomeres

Protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that prevent the loss of genetic material during DNA replication.

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They help separate the chromosomes by attaching to centromeres and pulling chromatids apart.

What is the significance of spindle fibers during mitosis?

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Chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins that exists in a loosely coiled form within the nucleus during interphase.

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Cleavage furrow

The indentation that forms in the cell membrane during cytokinesis in animal cells.

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Cell plate

The structure formed during cytokinesis in plant cells that evolves into a new cell wall separating daughter cells.

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External signals that promote cell division.

What is the role of growth factors?

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They can lead to diseases, such as cancer, where cells divide uncontrollably.

What are the consequences of disruptions in the cell cycle regulation?

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To synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble ribosome subunits within the nucleus.

What is the main job of the nucleolus?

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They exit the cell cycle and remain inactive, and this can be temporary or permanent depending on the cell type.

What happens to the cells in G0 phase?