13.3 protestant reformation.

Martin Luther

one of the most significant figures in the history of christianity.

Charles V

holy roman emperor from 1519 to 1556, archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1521, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon) from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555. He was a central figure in the religious and political conflicts of 16th-century Europe, known for his opposition to the Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther.

John Calvin

A French theologian, pastor, and reformer who profoundly affected the direction of the Protestant Reformation. He developed a system of Christian theology that later became known as Calvinism. His key work, 'Institutes of the Christian Religion' (1536), was highly influential, shaping reformed churches in Europe. he profoundly affected the direction of the reformation.

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