HAP - Bones (Skeletal Sys. Test)

frontal bone

temporal bone

parietal bone

occipital bone

sphenoid bone

zygomatic bone

nasal bone

mandible

maxilla

hyoid

atlas

axis

cervical vertebrae (7)

thoracic vertebrae (12)

lumbar vertebrae (5)

sternum

clavicle

scapula

ribs (thoracic cage)

humerus

radius

ulna

carpals

metacarpals

phalanges

pelvis

sacrum

coccyx

femur

patella

tibia

fibula

tarsals

metatarsals

calcaneus

axial skeleton:

• skull (cranium + facial bones)

• hyoid

• vertebral column

• thoracic cage

appendicular skeleton:

• pectoral girdle (scapula, clavicle)

• upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)

• pelvic girdle (pelvis)

• lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

bone function

• support + protect softer tissues

• provide points of attachment for muscles

• enable movement

• house blood-producing cells

• stores inorganic salts

osteocytes

bone cells that maintain bone mass

osteoblasts

cells responsible for formation of new bones

ossification

formation of bone

intramembranous bones

flat bones of skull; develop in fetus from unspecialized, undifferentiated connective tissues at sites of future bones

endochondral bones

most of bones in skeleton; develop in fetus from hyaline cartilage shaped like future structures

Vitamin D

• necessary for absorption of calcium

  • mineral that keeps bones from softening

sex hormones

stimulates ossification of epiphyseal plates

exercise

stresses bones → stimulating tissue to thick + strengthen

cranium bones

• frontal

• sphenoid

• ethmoid

• parietal (2)

• temporal (2)

• occipital

facial bones

• nasal

• zygomatic

• maxilla

• mandible

intervertebral discs

• cartilage

• cushions + softens the forces generated through walking/jumping

sutures

interlocking lines of union between bones

fontanels

membraneous areas of incomplete ossification on a skull at birth

infantile skull characteristics

• small face

• prominent forehead

• large orbits

• fontanel

• thin+flexible skull bones

  • less easily fractured than adult skull

long bones

• longitudinal axes

• expanded ends

short bones

• ~equal lengths & widths

flat bones

• platelike structures

• broad surface

irregular bones

• variety of shapes

• connected to other bones

medullary cavity

hollow chamber in center of bone

epiphysis

each end of long bones

periosteum

tissue that covers most of bone

red bone marrow

contains cells that produce blood

yellow bone marrow

contains stem cells

diaphysis

shaft of long bone

spongy bone

inside bones; houses marrow