Psych midterm :(

William Wundt

William Wundt

• made first successful psychology lab

• professor who created experiment to test mental process

• when professor, he taught G Stanley Hall and Edward Bradford Titchener who are notable psychologists

G Stanley Hall and Edward Bradford Titchener

• introduced structuralism to psychology and studied it

Functionalism (who studied it? what is it?)

• studied by William James

• explored how mental and behavioral processes function (how to survive, how to adapt, etc.)

• example: William James would study emotions as that is part of ,mental and behavioral processes

Psychology

• scientific study of behavior (physiology) and mental processes (behavior)

• how we act and think

• study of humans and animals

Physiology (what is it? example?)

• study of peoples typical functions

• behavior

• example: stomach digesting food

Philosophy

• pursuit of human understanding

• idea of love and wisdom

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic (definition? example? psychologist?)

• emphasizes the way our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior

• studied by Sigmund Feud

• example: having a fear of spider when you are 60 years old… something must have happened when you were younger in their childhood

• example: biting nails when stressed

Behaviorism (definition? psychologist? example?)

• view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

• John B Watson and BF Skinner

• example: if someone does well on a school assignment, then they get a reward

Cognitive revolution (what are the types? definition? psychologists?)

• cognition: study of how we think

• Humanistic psychology: Carl Rogers studied this, emphasizes realization of full potential, want to be the best you can be/your ideal self, example: apologizing to someone whenever needed

• Gestalt Psychology: study of how we perceive objects as whole pattern, Max Wertheimer studied this, and an example is solving puzzles

Positive Psychology

• scientific study of human development with goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help people thrive

Evolutionary Psychology (definition? example?)

• Study of evolution of behavior and mind using natural selection

• example: feeling anxious

Carl Rogers

• studied humanistic psychology

• believes everyone is good enough and the thing holding you back from the best human you can be needs to be worked out

Evolutionary Approach

• explains human behavior and thought by looking at what made us most likely to survive/reproduce

Biological Approach (definition? example? psychologist?)

• scientific study of biological and psychological processes

• studied by Charles Darwin

• example: studying brain circuits

Social Approach (definition? example? psychologist?)

• also known as social cultural

• study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

• example: cultures that have organized marriages

• Philip Zimbardo, Stanley Milgram, and Solomon Asch

Cognitive Approach (definition? example? psychologist?)

• studied by Albert Bandura

• study of mental process that occurs when we learn, perceive, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

• example: how an action affects us

Social Psychology (definition? example?)

• scientific study of how we act around people

• example: when Mr. Hatton walks into class, he can’t swear, but when he is home he can swear a lot

Social Cognition

• how we think about others

Social Influence

• how others change you

• example: being peer pressured by friends to do something that you don’t want to do

Self-schema (definition?)

• how we organize ourselves in the world and how we view ourselves

• three categories: gender, ethnicity, and race

Gender

• where you place yourself along a spectrum of socially constructed characteristics

Ethnicity

• basis of language and shared culture

Race

• physical, behavioral, and cultural attributes

Just World Hypothesis (definition? example?)

• belief that people get what they deserve

• bad things happen to bad people and good things happen to good people

• example: going 20 mph over speed limit and then police pulls you over

False Consensus Effect (definition? example?)

• tendency to se our own attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors as typical

• thinking that everyone thinks the same as you

• example: if you have a sister and she likes soccer then you like soccer

Attribution (definition? psychologist?)

• studied by Fritz Heider

• people make judgements about the causes of someone else’s behavior

Internal Attribution (definition? example?)

• your own self

• example: not talking to someone in hallway because you are shy

External Attribution (definition? example?)

• influenced by others

• example: not talking to someone in hallway because they are mean to you

Fundamental Attribution Error (definition? example?)

• thinking its someone typical behavior instead of situational and impacts the way we think about people

• example: in U.S. many treat homeless as if there lazy and just needs to get a job… this is incorrect as there are lots of different reasons someone could be homeless

• example: when someone cuts in front of you when driving… the automatic response is thinking there a jerk and do it all the time but maybe they were just late for work

Actor- Observer Effect (definition? example?)

• opposite of fundamental attribution error

• we attribute our behavior to external causes (the situation) instead of internal causes like our personality traits or work ethic

• we think our actions are the results of external things

• example: when someone else litters we think they’re a jerk but when we litter we think that is it our not fault because there was no trash can nearby

Self- Serving Bias

• we take credit for our successes and blame others for negative situations

• example: if you win, you say you helped the team do that but if you lose then you blame it on your teammates

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

• a prediction/belief that comes true

• example: believing you did well on test and you got an A

• example: believing you did bad on the test and you failed

Attitudes

• feeling toward something that makes us respond in a particular way

Attitude Formation (definition? example?)

• study of how people form attitudes based on people, places, and things

• example: my parents political party can influence me to support what they say and being part of that political party when im older

Elaboration Likelihood Model

• information processing

• two ways: central route and peripheral route

Central Route to Persuasion (definition? example?)

• evidence and arguments that trigger thinking

• sales people convincing consumers to buy phone

Peripheral Route to Persuasion (definition? example?)

• occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as speakers attractiveness

• example: celebrities using popularity/fame to spread message

Foot in the Door Effect (definition? example?psychologists?)

• to get something to get to agree to something big, start with something small

• subscribing to something with a free trial, you start with free trial then have to start paying

• Scott Fraser and Jonathan Freedman

Door in the Face Effect (definition? example? Psychologists?)

• opposite of foot in the door effect

• someone ask for a big request then they propose smaller favor and get it

• ex: someone asking for $1,000 then person says no then you ask for $100 and they say yes

• Robert Cialdini

Cognitive Dissonance (definition? example?psychologists?)

• Leon Festinger

• mental tension caused by taking actions that do not align with personal beliefs (attitudes dont align with your actions)

• ex: smoking even though you know it causes cancer

Conformity (definition? example?psychologists?)

• adjusting behavior/thinking to match with group standard

• Solomon Asch

• ex: following fashion trends

Norms (definition? example?)

• expected set of rules that leads to good behavior

• example: raising hand if you have a question

Normative Social Influence (definition? example?psychologists?)

• influence resulting from someone’s desire to gain approval/avoid dissaproval (doing something to fit in with group even if you dont want to)

• Morton Deutsch and Harold Gerrard

• laughing at a joke because everyone else is laughing but you dont think its funny

Who studied the Conformity Study and what is it?

• Solomon Asch

• college students look at a picture of lines a and they all go around and answer questions based on how they perceive the line

• it was founded that after many kids got answer wrong in a row, the next person would purposefully get it wrong to fit in with the group (over 1/3 of the time)

Compliance (definition? example?psychologists?)

• Stanley Milgram and Solomon Asch

• following orders from a higher authority/changing behavior for them

• example: playing defense in soccer because your coach told you to even though you normally play forward

Who studied the Obedience Study and what is it? What ethical guidelines did it break?

• Stanley Milgram (student of Solomon Asch and friends with Zimbardo)

• One person is teaching (“teacher”) while the other is the learner. If learner got answer wrong, the teacher would use the shock machine and shock the learner. The learner was a actor while the teacher was a participant/who was being experimented on. Each time the learner answered, the shock machine level would go up. If the teacher (participant) wanted to stop the experiment as they felt bad for the learner, Stanley Milgram would make them keep going. The shock voltage was never actually real and never hurt the learner but he act like it did. This study was an example of conformity. This broke the guidelines of no debrief, no informed consent, and no right to withdraw

Variations and Findings (definition? example?)

Variations:

• existence of different from, structure, behavior, etc. of an individual experiment

• example: during study, selecting numerous types of participants

  Findings; outcome of research

• example: what was discovered in prison experiment

Social Facilitation (definition? example? psychologist?)

• Norman Triplett

• study by Triplett concluded that people have a better performance when someone else is there

• example: singer performing on tour with large crowd rather than being alone in a studio recording

Social Inhibition (definition? example?)

• tendency to perform worse on difficult tasks when someone else is watching/prescense of someone else

• making excuses of why you cant go to a party on the weekend

Social Exchange Theory (definition? example? psychologists?)

theory that our personal behavior is an exchange process, the goal is to have least amount of effort relative to what you want to get out of it (benefits)

example: using a group chat instead of sending to people individually to each person

George Hamans

Reciprocity Norm (definition? example?)

• an expectation that will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

• Buying someone a big birthday gift and expecting a big gift for their birthday in return

Social Trap (definition? example? psychologists?)

John Platt

a situation where people obtain short term gain which in the long run leads to loss

A person snoozing heir alarm to get more sleep but ends up being late to work meeting because of it

Prisoner’s Dilemma

two people act in their own self interest leading to two different outcomes

one person could turn on the individual and answer all of investigators/police questions truthfully leading to a shorter time sentence where the other person did not cooperate and has to serve a longer sentence as a result

Melvin Dresher and Merrill Flood

Bystander Effect (definition? example? psychologists?)

• the tendency for any given bystander watching to be less likely to help situation of other bystanders are present

• Darley and Bibb Latane

• Bystanders watching a fight… if one bystander is present rather than multiple, then the one bystander is more likely to help separate the fight

Diffusion of Responsibility (definition? example? psychologists?)

• Darley and Bibb Latane

• When someone needs to make a decision but waits for the other people to act instead

• example: someone is very injured and you wait for other people around her to help her instead of yourself helping

Social Loafing (definition? example? psychologists?)

• Max Ingelmann

• tendency for people put in a group setting to slack off/ not put in as much effort when the group is trying to help than when by themselves

• example: doing a school science project and someone does not do the work as they think the rest of the group will do it for them

Groupthink (definition? example? psychologists?)

• Irving Janis

• People are afraid to say alternative/different ideas so just follows what the group thinks

• example: students following the teacher opinion on something even if they do not agree with it

Deindividuation (definition?)

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in a group setting that help arousal (awakening) and anonymity (anonymous)

Who studied deindividuation and what did the experiment do?

• Philip Zimbardo

• Stanford Prison Experiment

• the guards took their role a little too extreme

• the re-enactment of prison experiment changed how people participating felt (depressed and isolated), act, and behaved

• college men participated and coin flip determined who were guards and prisoners

What ethical guidelines did the Stanford Prison Experiment break?

• lack of consent/no informed consent (prisoners didn’t know how the guards would treat them)

• no debrief

• no protection from harm

Group Polarization (definition? example? psychologists?)

• Serge Moscovici

• the enhancement of a group agreeing because of other people impacting opinions

• views may become more extreme

• ex: going to a climate change protest and then after your views become more passionate

Superordinate Goals (definition? example? psychologists?)

• Muzafer Sherif

• shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

• example: Goal: picking Shark Tank project

• everyone needs to think of ideas and group comes to agreement on which idea would be most likely to win and everyone participate

• think of camp analogy

Stereotype (definition? example?)

• general belief about a group of people

• example: people who read a lot of books and for fun are nerds (not true)

Prejudice (definition? example?)

• unjustifiable attitude toward a group

• prejudgment

• example: ageism

Ethnocentrism (definition? example? psychologists?)

• William Graham Sumner

• assuming the superiority of an ethnic group

• example: someone believing that the Catholic religion is better than the Methodist religion

Ultimate Attribution Error (definition? example?)

• people dislike the outgroup

• one person cheated in outgroup then they think badly of the whole outgroup

Discrimination (definition? example?)

• unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

• example: choosing not to date someone because of their race

Ingroup (definition? example?)

• us

• people whom we share a common identity with

• example: people who go to my school

Outgroup (definition? example?)

• people who are not part of in group

• example: school rivals

• them

Scapegoat Theory (definition? example? psychologist?)

• Kenneth Duva Burke

• theory that prejudice (unjustifiable attitude towards a group) offers: when something goes wrong you blame someone else

• example: The Holocaust regarding the Germans (Germans blamed things on Jewish people)

Out group homogeneity bias (definition?)

• uniformity of group attitudes , personality, and appearance

• victim blaming

Aggression (definition? example? psychologist?)

• any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm someone

• example: breaking someone’s arm when fighting them

• Albert Bandura

Frustration Aggression Hypothesis (definition? example?)

• concept that frustration (blocking you from achieving goal) creates anger which can result in aggression

• example: Losing a video game when you were so close to the next level

Social Learning (definition? example? psychologist?)

• Albert Bandura

• observing and imitating the behavior of others

• example: parents going to work most days… children start to work when older and goes to work most days

Altruism (definition? example? psychologist?)

• August Comte

• unselfish regard for the well being/happiness of others

• example: giving money to charity instead of spending it on yourself

Pro-social behavior (definition? example?)

• positive behavior!

• opposite of anti-social

• intends to help others

• example: volunteering at service site to help someone in need

Proximity (definition? example?)

• geographic closeness/nearness creates likeness

• friendship can start by meeting new neighbor

Mere Exposure Effect (definition? example? psychologist?)

• Robert Zajonc

• phenomenon that repeated exposure increases liking

• example: meeting a new friend and then hanging out with them often to to learn more about them

Similarity (definition? example?)

• things you have common with one another

• example: my friend and I are the same age and the same hair color

Attractiveness (definition? example?)

• something that makes someone interested in someone else

• example: could be physical (someones appearance)

• example: someones character or behavior can increase someones attractiveness

• synonym: appealing/charming

Halo Effect (definition? example? psychologist?)

• Frederick Wells

• tendency to allow one trait affect our judgement of their other traits

• example: student is very good at math, so the math teacher may think that student is good at other classes

How is motivation different from emotions? (definition? example?)

• motives give you drive to accomplish something and you can predict behavior resulting from a motive rather than an emotion

• example: you dont do well in game so you are motivated to improve, if just the emotion then you would just be angry and want to quit

Motivation (definition? example?)

• a need or desire that energizes (drives) behavior

• example: needing to do well on a test at the end of a quarter, so you study extra hard

Primary drive (definition? example?)

• biological drive that pushes us to act

• we need water to stay hydrated and survive thirst and hunger

How are instincts different than motivations? (definition of instinct, example?)

• motivation: a need or desire that drives/energizes behavior

• instinct: a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout species and unlearned

• example: a bird does not know how to make a nest at all, they just know

• instincts dont apply to humans

Homeostasis (definition?)

• body at a normal set point/balance

Operant Conditioning

• our behavior is motivated to get rewards or to avoid punishment

• example: coming home at curfew

Secondary drive (definition? example?)

• example: the motivation to become famous (its a desire not a need)

• learned drives from society and social influence

• not biologically motivated/drives

Incentives (definition? example?)

• environmental cues that trigger a desire (motive) forward/for a reward

• example: grades are an incentive that drive your school

Extrinsic motivation (definition? example?)

• motivation that is on the outside and you get something out of it

• example: going to work for money

Intrinsic Motivation (definition? example?)

• example: my passion to play tennis

• more important than extrinsic

• refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual/within

Drive Reduction Theory (definition? example? )

• physiological need creates a drive that motivates a organism to satisfy a need

• example: person who is hungry and smells pizza in the oven increases their drive

Strength and Weaknesses of Homeostasis/Drive Reduction Theory

strength: make sure our body is functioning normally

weakness: if the processes of returning to homeostasis is not happening, then you may get sick

Arousal Theory (definition? example? psychologist?)

• Yerkes Dodson

• need to keep a good level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need

• example: being stressed at work so you take a break for a little while to calm down

Yerkes Dodson Law (definition? example? psychologist?)

• Yerkes Dodson

• the difficult tasks are only better when you are moderately amped

• states that if you want to perform well at a task you have to look at two things: the difficulty of the task and your arousal level

• simple tasks are best with higher level

• example: returning a serve in tennis

• example: do not start a paper the night before it is due… plan ahead so not too much arousal

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Yerkes Dodson Law

Strengths: completing simple tasks are easier when higher arousal

Weakness: You wont complete a difficult task when you are highly amped/ higher arousal and you wont complete simple tasks with low arousal

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (definition? example? psychologist?)

• we prioritize survival-based needs over esteem and meaning of life

• pyramid of human needs and then once the bottom level is fulfilled then the next level on top is fulfilled and then if that level is met then the next level is fulfilled and so on

• the bottom of pyramid (most important) which is physiological need (food, water, and oxygen)

• the next level is safety (example: my house, police, and an alarm system)

• the next level is belongingness (my friend group, my family, and my school)… belonginess is (need to love and be loved and feel like we belong)

• the next level is esteem needs (going on a family bike ride, playing tennis with friends, and working on a major sports team)

• the last (top level) is self actualization needs (getting 100 on a test that i got a hundred on)… self actualization need is realizing potential and self fulfillment

• Abraham Maslow

• example: believe, belong, and become (HC motto) is based on this hierarchy pyramid… believe is the physiological needs and safety needs and belong resembles with esteem needs and belonginess/love needs, and become (self actualization)

Strengths and Weaknesses of Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy Pyramid of Need

Strengths: it shows how we prioritize our motives and explains why some people can forego basic needs (why people do things that go out of order)

Weakness: it is not based on research! it is more philosophy than psychology (only natural observation… not a real experiment)

What are three motivation systems and how would you define them?

Hunger, thirst, and sex

hunger:

• signals from brain, stomach, and intestines can tell us were hungry

• there are physiological, biological, and social reasons you get hungry

• lateral hypothalamus stimulates hunger and the VMH stops you from being hungry

thirst:

• hypothalamus helps you monitor the levels of fluids in your body… when the levels drop, the thirst drive is activated

• environmental cues can also activate the thirst drive

• we would explain this using the drive reduction theory

• example: if it is hot outside and even though you are not thirsty at the time, you drink water because you want to stay hydrated

sex:

• you get arousal feelings

• attracted to someone

• the brain is the most important organ for sex

• sex is influenced biologically, psychologically, and social culturally

Environmental factors of hunger (definition? example?)

body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only how much or when we feel hungry but what we feel hungry for

example: if you produce crops on a farm and a really bad rain storm comes, then you may have less to eat since your main source of food is crops