AP psych unite 3

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Stage 1

NREM, falling/ drifting, hallucinations, myoclonic jerk

Stage 2

NREM, relaxed breathing, occasional spindles

Stage 3

NREM, deep sleep, delta waves, sleep walking

Stage 4

REM, heart rate increase, breathing irregular, eyes move, dreams

functions of sleep

-protects, restore, repair damaged neurons (evolutionary)

-build memory

-promote problem solving abilities

-hormones secreted

dream theories

-psychoanalytic/Freud- manifest context (literal) vs latent context (symbolic)

-biological/activation-synthesis theory; brain's interpretation of what is happening physically

-cognitive/info. processing theory- sort through day's experiences

sleep disorders

insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, somnambulism (sleep walking)

hypnagogic sensations

imaginary images when a person is falling asleep (Stage 1)

mediation

ability to control mind's focus and create an altered state; brain response to sensory stimuli that suggests it enhances coordination btwn hemispheres

psychoactive drugs

chemicals that affect the central nervous system and alter activity in the brain by stimulating or mimicking neurotransmitters

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.

Hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs (LSD, mescaline, psilocybin/ mushroom, THC/ marijuana, PCP) that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

opiates

agnostics for endorphins and powerful painkillers and mood elevators (methadone, morphine, heroin, codeine, vicodine)

tolerance

the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect

William James

founder of functionalism; habits are discharges in the nerve centers, psych. world is me vs rest of the world, stream of thought consciousness

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classical conditioning

stimulus and response; US,UR,NS,CS,CR

operant conditioning

situations and consequences create behavior

reinforcement

encouraging behavior

punishment

reducing behavior

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced (FR, IR, RV, IV)

observational learning

learning by observing others and coping behavior

acquisition

1st stage in classical conditioning when the response is established

extinction

when a behavior is no longer associated with a stimulus

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

Generalization

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

higher-order learning

when the CS of 1 experiment acts as the US of another

Edward Thorndike

operant conditioning with a cat trying to get food from a puzzle cage w/out mental activity but a stimuli-response

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning with the experiment of pigeons and testing behavior

Albert Bandura

observational learning, bobo doll experiment with studying children and aggression

circadian rhythm

24 hr cycle, levels of arousal during the day

John Watson

behaviorism- believed our emotional responses are learned; conditioned to emotionally respond to stimulus we encounter (Little Albert)

Little Albert

(John Watson) loud sound when touches rat, took 7 pairings and generalization prevailed after a month

John Garcia

aversions can be from single pairing and occur later (rats given sugar water and injection later); ease with which animals learn taste aversion

Premack Principle

the opportunity to engage in a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity

instinctive drift

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement; animals won't go against their natural instincts

contingency model

(Robert Rescorla) revised version of Pavlo's dogs, but includes cognitive component; expectations and though influence learning

latent learning

(Edward Tolman) learning becomes obvious only once a reinforcement is given for demonstrating it; rats improved when rewarded with food

insight learning

(Wolfgang Kohler) lightbulb moment; experiment with boxes and banana hanging from the ceiling- monkeys use box to climb up

encoding, storage, and retrieval model

info in from neurotransmitters from the sense, then retaining info for future self, then recovering info later

three-stage model of memory

sensory- holds sensory into for a few sec

STM-5-9 items for 30 sec

LTM-unlimited items to be retrieved

implicit

LTM- stores procedural skills and simple classical conditioning responses

explicit

LTM-stores facts, info, and personal life experiences; aka declarative

recall