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Describe the process of mitosis
It’s a nuclear division where a cell goes through Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase (PMAT) and it goes through Mitosis in order to duplicate with the same number of chromosomes as the original.
Describe the process of meiosis
The number of chromosomes in the original cell is reduced by HALF through the separation of homologous chromosomes.
Similarities that mitosis and meiosis share
They both go through duplication of cells and they need the exact same chromosomes in their daughter cells.
In animals, when does meiosis occur?
During gamete formation
What is crossing over?
When homologous chromosomes are aligned then they “cross over” the bottom portion and exchange each other in order to have genetic variation
What is the outcome of crossing over when it comes to the process of meiosis?
Genetic variation
What is a karyotype?
It is an individual’s complete set of diploid chromosomes and humans have 23
How can a karyotype be used to identify a male or female?
XY is a male and XX is a female
How can a karyotype be used to identify a chromosomal abnormality?
Through the number or arrangement of the chromosomes
Chromosomes that are the same size, shape and contain genes that code for the same kind of information are defined as?
Homologous pairs
Which combination of sex chromosomes represent female?
XX
Which combination of sex chromosomes represent male?
XY
Which chromosomes are called autosomes?
One of the numbered chromosomes, NOT a sex chromosome
Which chromosomes are called sex chromosomes?
The ones that determine the gender
What are haploid cells?
A cell that contains a single set of chromosomes
What are diploid cells?
A cell that contains 2 copies of each chromosome
How does a chromosomal abnormality like trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) occur during meiosis?
Error during the formation of the egg or sperm
What holds together the nitrogen bases in the DNA?
Hydrogen bond
RNA is found in what part of the cell?
The nucleus and the cytoplasm
What components make up a nucleotide?
Nitrogenous base (AGCT/U), a phosphate group, and a sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA)
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA is double stranded and the sugar is deoxyribose, and RNA is single stranded and sugar is ribose. RNA is also allowed to leave the nucleus and instead of using Thymine, it uses Uracil, which is very similar to Thymine
What is a gene?
Genetic information stored in a chromosome
What information is found on the gene?
Genetic
What are the three types of RNA?
tRNA (transfer RNA), mRNA (messenger RNA), rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
What is the function of tRNA?
Carries amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
Which process has the instructions for making proteins (“recipes”)?
translation
The code of mRNA is directly dependent upon what?
The nitrogen base pairs in DNA
What contains the anticodon and transports the amino acid?
tRNA
What enzyme is used in the process of transcription.
RNA polymerase
What is the step of protein synthesis takes place at the ribosome?
Translation
What is produced during transcription?
A single stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to one strand of DNA
Where does the process of transcription take place?
The nucleus
Where does protein synthesis take place?
Ribosomes
How many codons are needed to specify 7 amino acids?
147, 21 codon per amino acid
What are intron and exons?
Introns are the noncoding sections of an RNA transcript and they are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated and the sections of RNA that codes for proteins are exons.
When do intron and exons appear in the protein synthesis? (what stage)
Right after transcription
What is a Punnett square used for?
To predict the variations and probabilities that can come from cross breeding
What is a homozygous individual?
An individual who has inherited the same versions (alleles) of a genomic marker from each biological parent
What is a heterozygous individual?
An individual who has different alleles for a particular trait
The genetic makeup of an organism for a hereditary characteristic is referred to as what?
Genotype
What is complete dominance?
One trait over the other
What is codominance?
Both traits having equal dominance, such as a pattern of red and white on a flower
What is incomplete dominance?
None of the traits have dominance, they “mix”, such as a pink flower from a red and white flower
What is a polygenic trait?
A phenotype which is influenced by more than one gene
What is evolution
A theory that is supported by a substantial evidence, all the changes that have formed life on earth from its beginnings to the diversity we see today, and the gradual change in species over time
What is fitness
A measure of an organism’s ability to reproduce
What is variation
Difference within a trait of a species
What is mutation
A change in DNA sequence
What is adaptation
It is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival
What is species
A group of individuals that can reproduce with one another and have fertile offspring
What is a population
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area at the same time
What is a gene pool
All of the genes (alleles) for a trait in a given population at any one time
How does an organism get an adaptation?
Through a mutation
What is the name of the process that carries out evolution?
Natural selection
What is competition
A relationship between organisms that strive for the same resources in the same place.
Can an individual organism evolve in its own lifetime?
No
Can a species evolve generation to generation?
No
In which rock type do we find fossils?
Sedimentary
What is the Law of Superposition?
States that the bottom layer of a rock formation is older than the layer on top.
How does reproductive isolation lead to speciation?
Over generations differences build up between the populations.
What is an index fossil?
Fossils of widely distributed organisms that lived during only one short time period
What is tectonic plates?
Large slabs of rocks that divide Earth’s crust
How do plates move?
Convection currents driven by heat in Earth’s mantle move plates in different directions
Two organisms can be considered to be part of the same species when what event happens?
They can reproduce and have fertile offspring
How are fossil fuels formed
When prehistoric plants and animals died and were gradually buried by layers of rock
What are the 3 main fossil fuels?
Coal, oil, and gas
What are the 3 main greenhouse gases?
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide
What is the greenhouse effect?
A process that occurs when gases in Earth’s atmosphere trap the Sun’s heat
How does the greenhouse effect affect the Earth’s atmosphere?
Traps radiation from the sun
What is a natural resource?
Materials found in the enviornment
Give three examples of a natural resource
Water, soil, and forests
What is a nonrenewable resource
Limited in supply resources
Give 3 examples of a nonrenewable resource
Oil, coal, and nuclear energy
Which type of cells are haploid?
Gametes
Which type of cells are diploid?
Somatic
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