AP Biology

Hydrogen Bonding

The weak attraction between a hydrogen molecule covalently bonded with two other molecules and a another molecule

Cohesion

Hydrogen molecules stick together through hydrogen bonding

Adhesion

A water molecule sticking to another molecule

Surface Tension

Cohesive force of water sticking to each other, creating a thin “film” of tension on the surface

High Specific Heat/Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance or the energy needed for a substance to change from liquid to gas without a temperature change.

Carbonhydrates

Organic compounds made out of Oxygen, Carbon, and Hydrogen that serve as a primary energy source in living organisms, including sugars and starches.

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars like glucose and fructose

Lipids

Organic molecules that are hydrophobic or amphipathic, including fats, oils, and steroids. They aid in energy storage, insulation, and cellular membrane structure.

Amphipathic

Molecules that have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) regions, allowing them to interact with both water and lipids.

Phospholipids

Amino acids

Primary structure

Secondary structure

Tertiary structure

Quaternary structure

Denature

Nucleic Acids

Nucleotides

DNA vs RNA

ATP

Lock-and-Key

Induced fit

Inhibitors

Surface area-to-volume ratio

Prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotic cells

Endosymbiotic theory

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Ribosomes

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Compartmentalization

Phospholipid bilayer

Fluid mosaic model

Passive transport

Active transport

Bulk transport

Selective permeability

Cystic fibrosis

Ligands

Receptors

Signal transduction pathway

Secondly messengers

Quorum sensing

Membrane proteins

Homeostasis

Structure-function relationships