Congestion Tax and UK Immigration Vocabulary

35 vocabulary flashcards covering key terms from the lecture on congestion taxes and UK immigration data.

Congestion tax

A fee charged by governments to drivers for entering certain road areas, especially during busy periods, to reduce traffic and pollution.

Traffic congestion

The excessive crowding of vehicles on roads, causing slow speeds, longer trip times, and increased queuing.

Peak hours

The parts of the day, typically morning and evening, when traffic volume is highest because most people are commuting.

Sustainable transport

Modes of travel, such as trains, bicycles, or walking, that have low environmental impact and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Private cars

Individually owned automobiles used for personal transportation rather than public or commercial purposes.

Public transportation infrastructure

The physical facilities and systems—buses, metros, trains, stations—provided for mass transit of the public.

Government revenue

Money collected by the state, in this context from congestion charges, to fund public services.

Road maintenance

The repair and upkeep activities that keep highways and streets safe and functional.

Metro networks

Urban underground or elevated rail systems designed for rapid mass transit within cities.

Behavioral change

A long-term shift in people’s habits, such as choosing public transport over driving.

Germany’s congestion charge

The policy introduced in German cities that levies a fee on vehicles entering certain zones to cut traffic levels.

Travel efficiency

The effectiveness of transportation in moving people quickly and reliably with minimal delay.

Cyclist lanes

Dedicated road or path sections reserved for people riding bicycles.

Flat congestion tax

A uniform fee that charges all drivers the same amount regardless of income, time, or distance traveled.

Lower-income groups

Segments of the population earning comparatively less money and potentially burdened more by transport fees.

Remote areas

Locations situated far from urban centers, often with limited access to public transit options.

Pollution reduction

The decrease in harmful emissions and particulates released into the air due to fewer vehicles on the road.

Immigrant

A person who moves to a country other than their birthplace to live temporarily or permanently.

Intended length of stay

The period an immigrant plans to remain in a destination country.

Up to two years category

Immigrants who plan to reside in the UK for no more than 24 months.

Two to four years category

Immigrants planning a medium-term stay of roughly 2–4 years.

More than four years category

Immigrants expecting to live in the destination country longer than four years.

Line graph

A chart that uses plotted points connected by lines to show changes in data over time.

Pie chart

A circular statistical graphic divided into slices to illustrate numerical proportions.

Work-related immigration

Moving to another country primarily to obtain employment or pursue a career.

Study purposes

Immigration motivated by enrolling in educational programs such as university courses.

Accompanying or joining family

Moving to another country to live with or join relatives who are already there.

Other reasons (immigration)

Miscellaneous motives for migration, such as health, asylum, or retirement, not covered by major categories.

Migration trend (2000-2008)

The observable pattern of changes in immigration numbers and intentions over the eight-year period.

UK (United Kingdom)

The destination country discussed, consisting of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Number of vehicles

The count of cars and other automobiles on the road, often used to measure traffic levels.

Buses

Large road vehicles designed to carry many passengers as part of public transport systems.

Walking

The act of traveling on foot, promoted as a zero-emission mode of transport.

Government investment

Allocation of public funds into projects like transport upgrades or infrastructure improvements.

Rush hour

The busy commuting times when road and transit networks experience their highest demand.