The concept of intelligence (P1)

(unconscious; adjective)
Example: The study explored the unconscious biases that affect how we perceive others' intelligence.

(vô thức) – Existing or happening without you realizing or being aware of it.
Synonyms: unaware, insensible, senseless

(notion; noun)
Example: Traditional notions of intelligence are often limited to academic achievement.

(khái niệm, ý niệm) – An idea, a belief or an understanding of something.
Synonyms: idea, thought, concept, perception

(implicit; adjective)
Example: There was an implicit assumption that higher test scores equated to higher potential.

(ngấm ngầm) – Suggested without being stated directly.
Synonyms: unspoken, indirect, implied
Antonyms: explicit

(theory; noun)
Example: Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences.

(học thuyết, lý thuyết) – A formal set of ideas that is intended to explain why something happens or exists.
Synonyms: hypothesis, assumption, speculation

(for certain; idiom)
Example: Scientists cannot say for certain how much of intelligence is inherited.

(chắc chắn) – Without doubt.
Synonyms: for sure, certainly, surely

(address; verb)
Example: Modern educators are trying to address the limitations of standardized testing.

(giải quyết) – To think about a problem or a situation and decide how you are going to deal with it.
Synonyms: solve, deal with, tackle

(conceptualize; verb)
Example: Researchers conceptualize intelligence as a dynamic rather than a fixed trait.

(khái niệm hóa) – To form an idea or a principle in your mind.
Synonyms: theorize, hypothesize

(as opposed to; idiom)
Example: We are measuring practical skills, as opposed to purely theoretical knowledge.

(trái với, tương phản với) – Used to compare two things and show that they are different from each other.
Synonyms: contrast with

(conception; noun)
Example: His conception of intellectual ability includes emotional and social skills.

(quan niệm) – An understanding or a belief of what something is or what it is like.
Synonyms: belief, idea, view, thought, notion

(matter; verb)
Example: When assessing potential, motivation and persistence matter as much as IQ.

(có ý nghĩa, quan trọng) – To be important or have an important effect on somebody/something.
Synonyms: be important, have significant

(drive; verb)
Example: Curiosity is often the force that drives intellectual development.

(thúc đẩy, dẫn dắt) – To influence something or cause it to make progress.
Synonyms: direct, lead, guide

(perceive; verb)
Example: Teachers may perceive quiet students as less engaged in the learning process.

(nhận thức, cảm nhận) – To notice or become aware of something.
Synonyms: sense, realise, feel, understand, become aware of

(evaluate; verb)
Example: It is difficult to evaluate a person's creativity using a multiple-choice exam.

(đánh giá) – To form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully.
Synonyms: assess, value, analyze, estimate

(judgment; noun)
Example: Critical thinking requires the ability to make a sound judgment based on evidence.

(sự phán đoán, đánh giá) – The ability to make sensible decisions after carefully considering the best thing to do.
Synonyms: assessment, view, decision, conclusion, opinion

(determine; verb)
Example: Factors such as environment and education determine how a child's intellect grows.

(xác định, quyết định) – To make something happen in a particular way or be of a particular type.
Synonyms: decide, resolve, influence

(willing; adjective)
Example: Intelligent learners are often willing to admit when they do not know something.

(sẵn lòng) – Not objecting to doing something; having no reason for not doing something.
Synonyms: ready, eager, keen
Antonyms: reluctant, unwilling

(various; adjective)
Example: There are various theories regarding the origin of human cognitive abilities.

(khác nhau, đa dạng) – Several different.
Synonyms: several, numerous, many, a number of
Antonyms: few

(perform; verb)
Example: Students usually perform better when they feel supported by their instructors.

(thực hiện) – To do something, such as a piece of work, task or duty.
Synonyms: make, do, implement

(cognitive; adjective)
Example: Aging can sometimes affect cognitive functions such as memory and processing speed.

(thuộc về nhận thức) – Connected with mental processes of understanding.
Synonyms: reasoning, mental, intellectual, rational

(on the basis of; idiom)
Example: Participants were selected for the study on the basis of their high IQ scores.

(trên cơ sở) – Based on something.
Synonyms: based on, by reason of, because of, on account of

(in sum; idiom)
Example: In sum, intelligence is a multifaceted construct that is difficult to measure.

(tóm lại) – Used to introduce a short summary of the main points of what has been said.
Synonyms: in brief, in short, in summary

(in the course of; idiom)
Example: Many skills are naturally acquired in the course of everyday social interactions.

(trong quá trình) – During the process or period of something.
Synonyms: during, throughout

(investigator; noun)
Example: The principal investigator led the research into early childhood learning patterns.

(người điều tra, nghiên cứu) – A person who examines a situation, event, etc. in order to find out the truth.
Synonyms: detective, researcher

(ultimately; adverb)
Example: Ultimately, the goal of education is to foster independent thinking.

(cuối cùng) – In the end; finally.
Synonyms: eventually, finally, in the end, at last
Antonyms: at first, initially

(give rise to; phrasal verb)
Example: Misunderstandings about the nature of IQ can give rise to unfair educational practices.

(gây ra) – To be the reason why something happens, especially something bad or unpleasant.

(explicit; adjective)
Example: The instructions for the cognitive test were explicit and easy to follow.

(rõ ràng) – Clear and easy to understand.
Synonyms: clear, obvious, plain
Antonyms: implicit, vague

(framework; noun)
Example: The study uses a psychological framework to analyze how people solve puzzles.

(khung, cơ cấu) – A set of beliefs, ideas or rules that is used as the basis for making judgements, decisions, etc.
Synonyms: background, outline, context

(defining; adjective)
Example: A defining characteristic of intelligence is the ability to adapt to new situations.

(định nghĩa, then chốt) – That describes or shows the essential qualities or nature of something.
Synonyms: describing, outlining, explaining

(scope; noun)
Example: The scope of the research includes both linguistic and logical abilities.

(phạm vi) – The range of things that a subject, an organization, an activity, etc. deals with.
Synonyms: range, scale, extent

(phenomenon; noun)
Example: High intellectual achievement in children is a fascinating psychological phenomenon.

(hiện tượng) – A fact or an event in nature or society, especially one that is not fully understood.
Synonyms: occurrence, happening, event

(attend to; phrasal verb)
Example: To learn effectively, a student must be able to attend to the task at hand.

(chú tâm, giải quyết) – To help somebody or deal with something.
Synonyms: deal with, tackle

(suspect; verb)
Example: Many psychologists suspect that emotional intelligence is as important as IQ.

(nghi ngờ) – To think that something is probably true, especially something bad.
Synonyms: doubt, question, be suspicious, be wary
Antonyms: trust

(investigation; noun)
Example: A thorough investigation was conducted into the effects of nutrition on brain function.

(sự điều tra) – An official examination of the facts about a situation, crime, etc.
Synonyms: analysis, research, examination

(misleading; adjective)
Example: Comparing test scores across different cultures can be highly misleading.

(gây hiểu lầm) – Giving the wrong idea or impression.
Synonyms: deceptive, misrepresenting, deceiving, confusing
Antonyms: truthful

(reveal; verb)
Example: Recent data reveal a correlation between musical training and spatial intelligence.

(tiết lộ) – To make something known to somebody.
Synonyms: expose, uncover, bring to light
Antonyms: conceal

(correspondence; noun)
Example: There is a strong correspondence between early reading habits and later academic success.

(sự tương ứng, mối liên hệ) – A connection between two things; the fact of two things being similar.
Synonyms: connection, association, correlation

(extant; adjective)
Example: There are several extant records of his early intellectual achievements.

(hiện có, còn tồn tại) – Still in existence.
Synonyms: existent, present, existing, in existence
Antonyms: lost

(possibility; noun)
Example: There is a possibility that new teaching methods could improve cognitive growth.

(khả năng) – A thing that may happen or be true.
Synonyms: probability, chance, prospect

(take into account; idiom)
Example: Educators must take into account the diverse learning styles of their students.

(xem xét, tính đến) – To consider particular facts, circumstances, etc. when making a decision about something.
Synonyms: take into consideration, consider, keep in mind

(in need of; idiom)
Example: Students who struggle with focus are often in need of extra support.

(cần) – Needing something.
Synonyms: need, require

(supplementation; noun)
Example: Vitamin supplementation has been studied for its potential effects on mental clarity.

(sự bổ sung) – The act of adding something to something else in order to improve or complete it.

(expansion; noun)
Example: The expansion of our understanding of the brain has led to new educational theories.

(sự mở rộng) – An increase in size, number or importance.
Synonyms: increase, extension, growth

(construct; noun)
Example: Intelligence is often viewed as a social construct rather than a purely biological one.

(cấu trúc) – An idea or theory put together from different elements that may not be proved.

(elucidate; verb)
Example: The professor attempted to elucidate the complex theories of mental processing.

(làm sáng tỏ) – To make something clearer by explaining it or giving more information about it.
Synonyms: explain, clarify, reveal, make clear, interpret
Antonyms: confuse

(cross-cultural; adjective)
Example: Cross-cultural studies show that what is considered "smart" varies by society.

(đa văn hóa) – Involving or containing ideas from two or more different cultures.
Synonyms: multicultural, multiethnic, cosmopolitan

(expectation; noun)
Example: High parental expectations can sometimes put undue pressure on children.

(sự kỳ vọng) – A belief that something will happen because it is likely.
Synonyms: hope, prospect, probability, anticipation

(intellectual; adjective)
Example: Reading challenging books is a great way to stimulate intellectual growth.

(thuộc trí tuệ, trí thức) – Connected with or using a person's ability to think in a logical way and understand things.
Synonyms: knowledgeable, academic, highbrow, intelligent

(performance; noun)
Example: Stress can significantly hinder a student's performance during an examination.

(hiệu suất, sự thực hiện) – The way that someone does their job, and how well they do it.

(differ; verb)
Example: Individuals differ in their ability to solve complex problems quickly.

(khác biệt) – To be different from somebody/something.
Synonyms: vary, be different, diverge, be unlike

(function; noun)
Example: The primary function of intelligence tests is to predict academic success.

(chức năng) – A special activity or purpose of a person or thing.
Synonyms: purpose, role, utility

(major; adjective)
Example: Language acquisition is a major milestone in cognitive development.

(chính, chủ yếu) – Very large, important or serious.
Synonyms: main, prime, key
Antonyms: minor

(as a whole; idiom)
Example: We need to evaluate the student's progress as a whole, not just their test scores.

(nhìn chung, toàn bộ) – As a single unit and not as separate parts.
Synonyms: all together, as a group, as one, all in all

(strictly; adverb)
Example: The exam was strictly timed to ensure fairness for all participants.

(một cách nghiêm ngặt, chính xác) – In a way that is complete and that involves no exceptions.
Synonyms: exactly, precisely, accurately

(loosely; adverb)
Example: The term "genius" is often used loosely to describe any high achiever.

(một cách lỏng lẻo) – In a way that is not exact or precise.
Synonyms: freely, roughly
Antonyms: firmly, strictly

(philosophy; noun)
Example: Her educational philosophy emphasizes critical thinking over rote memorization.

(triết lý, quan điểm) – A set of beliefs or an attitude to life that guides somebody's behaviour.
Synonyms: idea, viewpoint, belief

(statesman; noun)
Example: A successful statesman must possess high levels of social and political intelligence.

(nhà chính trị, chính khách) – An experienced politician, especially one who is respected for making good judgments.

(keep somebody in line; idiom)
Example: Social norms often serve to keep individual behavior in line with community standards.

(kiểm soát ai đó) – To make someone continue to behave in an acceptable way.
Synonyms: keep under control, govern, control

(term; noun)
Example: "Fluid intelligence" is a term used to describe the ability to solve new problems.

(thuật ngữ) – A word or phrase used as the name of something.
Synonyms: word, phrase, expression

(emergence; noun)
Example: The emergence of AI has sparked new debates about the definition of intelligence.

(sự xuất hiện) – The fact of something becoming known or starting to exist.
Synonyms: appearance, occurrence, development

(IQ; noun)
Example: While a high IQ is helpful, it does not guarantee success in life.

(chỉ số thông minh) – A total score derived from several standardized tests designed to assess human intelligence.

(elite; noun)
Example: For a long time, higher education was reserved only for the intellectual elite.

(nhóm tinh hoa) – A group of people in a society, etc. who are powerful and have a lot of influence, because they are rich, intelligent, etc.
Synonyms: upper class, superior, first class

(take responsibility for; idiom)
Example: Students should be encouraged to take responsibility for their own learning.

(chịu trách nhiệm) – Something that it is your job or duty to deal with.

(irresponsible; adjective)
Example: It is irresponsible to claim that intelligence is determined solely by genetics.

(vô trách nhiệm) – Not thinking enough about the effects of what they do; not showing a feeling of responsibility.
Synonyms: careless, imprudent
Antonyms: responsible

(mass; noun)
Example: Media messages are designed to influence the mass of the population.

(đại chúng, phần lớn) – Majority, main part, largest part.

(chaos; noun)
Example: Without cognitive order, the world would seem like a state of total chaos.

(sự hỗn loạn) – A state of complete confusion and lack of order.
Synonyms: disorder, confusion, mess
Antonyms: order

(equal; adjective)
Example: Not everyone is born with an equal aptitude for mathematics.

(ngang bằng, bình đẳng) – The same in size, quantity, value, etc. as something else.
Synonyms: equivalent, the same, alike
Antonyms: unequal

(necessarily; adverb)
Example: High grades do not necessarily indicate high emotional intelligence.

(tất yếu) – Used to say that something cannot be avoided or has to happen in a particular way.
Synonyms: essentially, automatically, certainly

(avail oneself of; idiom)
Example: You should avail yourself of every opportunity to expand your knowledge.

(tận dụng) – To make use of something.

(accomplishment; noun)
Example: Learning a second language is a significant intellectual accomplishment.

(thành tựu) – An impressive thing that is done or achieved after a lot of work.
Synonyms: achievement, triumph, success

(accomplish; verb)
Example: With persistence, individuals can accomplish great things regardless of their starting IQ.

(hoàn thành) – To succeed in doing or completing something.
Synonyms: achieve, complete, finish, do, undertake, get done, carry out, pull off

(extent; noun)
Example: The extent to which environment influences IQ is still being debated.

(mức độ, phạm vi) – How large, important, serious, etc. something is.
Synonyms: level, range, degree, scope

(foster; verb)
Example: Collaborative projects help to foster social intelligence among students.

(thúc đẩy, nuôi dưỡng) – To encourage something to develop.
Synonyms: promote, encourage, cultivate
Antonyms: discourage

(make use of; idiom)
Example: Highly intelligent people often make use of mental shortcuts to solve problems.

(sử dụng, tận dụng) – To use something/somebody, especially in order to get an advantage.
Synonyms: use, take advantage of, avail of, utilize

(competency; noun)
Example: Logical reasoning is a core competency measured in many cognitive tests.

(năng lực) – A skill that you need in order to do a job or a task.
Synonyms: capability, ability, skill
Antonyms: inability

(jury; noun)
Example: Members of the jury must use their collective intelligence to reach a verdict.

(bồi thẩm đoàn) – A group of 12 ordinary people who listen to the details of a case in court and decide whether someone is guilty or not.

(democracy; noun)
Example: Education is vital for the survival of a healthy democracy.

(nền dân chủ) – A situation or system in which everyone is equal and has the right to vote, make decisions etc.

(intersubstitutable; adjective)
Example: In some contexts, the terms "intelligence" and "intellect" are not strictly intersubstitutable.

(có thể thay thế cho nhau) – Capable of being substituted for each other.

(specialised; adjective)
Example: Theoretical physics requires a highly specialised type of mathematical intelligence.

(chuyên môn hóa) – Involving a lot of experience of or knowledge about a particular subject or activity.
Synonyms: particular, specific, focused, concentrated
Antonyms: generalised

(institution; noun)
Example: Academic institutions play a key role in identifying and nurturing talent.

(tổ chức, học viện) – A large important organization that has a particular purpose, for example a university or a bank.
Synonyms: organization, foundation, school

(favour over; idiom)
Example: Some schools favour logical-mathematical skills over artistic creativity.

(ưu tiên hơn) – To prefer one thing or person to another.
Synonyms: choose, support, prefer, promote, benefit
Antonyms: reject

(consider; verb)
Example: We must consider the cultural context when assessing someone's abilities.

(xem xét, tôn trọng) – To think about something carefully, especially in order to make a decision.
Synonyms: respect, take into account, bear in mind

(serve; verb)
Example: These tests serve as a tool for screening candidates for the program.

(phục vụ, đóng vai trò) – To have a particular use or function.
Synonyms: function, work, perform

(underlying; adjective)
Example: The underlying principles of logic are the same across many disciplines.

(cơ bản, cơ sở) – Important in a situation but not always easily noticed or stated clearly.
Synonyms: fundamental, basic, core, main

(presupposition; noun)
Example: The experiment was based on the presupposition that intelligence can be improved.

(giả định trước) – Something that you believe to be true and on which you base your ideas or actions.
Synonyms: assumption, supposition, hypothesis

(experimental; adjective)
Example: The researchers used experimental methods to test their new theory of memory.

(thực nghiệm) – Based on new ideas, forms or methods that are used to find out what effect they have.
Synonyms: trial, new, tentative

(scholar; noun)
Example: Many scholars agree that intelligence is not a single, unified trait.

(học giả) – A person who knows a lot about a particular subject because they have studied it in detail.
Synonyms: professor, intellectual, researcher, specialist

(assumption; noun)
Example: There is a common assumption that high IQ leads to automatic professional success.

(giả định) – A belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although there is no proof.
Synonyms: hypothesis, theory, supposition, belief

(likely; adjective)
Example: It is likely that future research will focus more on emotional and social intelligence.

(có khả năng) – Probable or expected.
Synonyms: probable, possible, expected, prospective
Antonyms: unlikely

(miss the point of; idiom)
Example: If you only look at test scores, you miss the point of true intellectual curiosity.

(hiểu sai ý, không nắm được trọng tâm) – To not understand the main point of what someone is saying.