Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction

What occurs in Mitosis?

One cell produces two genetically identical daughter cells.

By mixing chromosomes from Two individual the _______ is increased.

Genetic diversity

What does the cells DNA make up?

Genome, which is in prokaryotes, one double stranded circular DNA molecules

What are the characteristics of Eukaryotic Genome?

Consists of several double stranded DNA molecules In the form of chromosomes

Example: Y chcormosme

What is the difference between somatic cells and Reproductive cells

Somatic:typically have 2 matched sets of chromosomes which make them diploid (2n)

Gametes (eggs and sperm cells) have half the number of chromosomes Haploid (1n)

Chromosomes that pair in reproduction of diploid cells are what?

Homologous

What are Heterologous pairs?

Genomes that have pairs that don’t match

Example: X and Y chromosomes

What are the phases in mitosis in order?

PMAT- Prophase, metaphase, Anaphase and telophase

What is the Histone DNA complex?

Short starches of DNA wrapped around a core of 8 histone proteins- string of breads

Contains a nucleosome

What are the characteristics of the 2 major cell cycle phases

Interphase- normal growth and preparation for cell Divison ( has 3 stages)

Mitotic phase- which he replicated DNA and the cytoplasm are split and the cell divides

What are the 3 stages of Interphase

G1:growth (first gap)

S phase:synthesis→ makes identical copies of the DNA are joined at cetromere. Centrosomes produce Millicent spindles to move chromosomes ( Duplicates the sister chromatids)

G2 phase:. Secondary growth

What occurs in Prophase in mitosis

Nuclear envelop breaks down

The chromosomes condense

Membranous organelles disperse toward edge of cell

Nucleolus disappears

Centrosomes begin migration to pole

What occurs in metaphase in mitosis?

Mitosis spindle is fully developed and teh Centrosomes are at opposites poles of the cell

Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate

Each sister chromatids is attached to a spindle fiber

What occurs in Anaphase in mitosis?

Cohesion proteins degrade that allow chromatids to separate

Sister chromatids move in opposites directions toward Centrosomes

The cell elongates

What occurs in Telophase in Mitosis?

Chromosomes reach opposite poles and begin to decondense

(Cell splits)

Spindles → tubulin that will form the cytoskeletal components for the daughter cell

Nuclear envelop from around the chromosomes

What is cytokinesis

Splitting of the cytoplasm→ physically separate into 2 daughter cells

( the cytoskeleton degrades into 2 cells)

Which stage of interphase does the cell spend teh most amount of time

G1 phase

What are the 3 checkpoints for the control of the Cell cycle?

G1 Checkpoint: Determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell divison ( check for damage and has to meet requirements, and will either stop the cycle or wait for conditions to get better)

G2 Checkpoint: Ensure all chomsomes have been replicates and that the replicated DNA is not damaged

The M Chechpoint: occurs at the end of metaphase→ spindle checkpoint, determines whether all sister chromatids are correctly attached to spindle microtubules

During which stage of mitosis do the spindle fibers disappear and chromosomes unravel

Telophase- chromosomes reach the poles and the cell begins to decondense and the spindle fibers break down

What are the two groups of intracellular molecules that regulate the cell

Positive Regulators: Promote movement to the next of the cell cycle

Negative Regulators: stop advancement of the cell cycle ( primarily at the G1 Checkpoint )

What does the term cancer mean?

Uncontrolled cell growth, begins with gene mutation that results in faulty protein that regulates cell reproduction

!. Tumors result in reproduction of mutated cells surpasses teh growth of normal cells