Bio 311C Exam 2 Dr. Sata

time line in the origin and evolution of life on earth

earth formation, bacterial fossils, cyanobacteria fossils, early eukaryotes, multi cellular organisms

Hypothesis that life formed from spontaneous conditions

abiogenesis

spontaneous conditions that formed life in abiogenesis

high temperature, water, lightning, limited oxygen, high pressure

Predict the logical process by which simple monomers were formed and led to polymers and the early forms of cells.

Abundance of oxygen, lightning, and heat. atoms, molecules, monomers, macromolecules, parts of cell, cell

Explain why the first possible macromolecule could be RNA to store genetic information and be able to catalyze reactions

hydroxyl and phosphate groups help in catalytic abilities, self replication, act as an enzyme, contains genetic information, highly variable structures

what is the sequence of various biological processes evolved based on the organisms that performs such processes

RNA Replication, DNA Replication, Mitosis, Photosynthesis, Meiosis, Cellular Respiration

cell fractionation steps

harvest tissue, grind with force, homogenize with blender, centrifuge

smallest to largest (viewing through microscope)

hydrogen atom, amino acid, protein, ribosome, virus, bacterium, human red blood cell, human egg, paramecium (eukaryotic cell)

light microscope can zoom up to _______ and see up to ____

1000x, .2um

electron microscopes can see up to

1-2nm

X-ray crystallography can see up to

.1-.2 nm. hydrogen atom

techniques to study carbohydrates

calorimetric, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry

techniques to study lipids

high performance thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry

techniques to study proteins

gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, sequencing

techniques to study DNA/RNA

gel electrophoresis, sequencing

centrifugation

isolate cellular components based on their density size and shape

microscope that shows the "ultra structure" of exterior and interior of cells

scanning electron microscope (SEM)

microscope that shows a cross section of a cell

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

we use thin layer chromatography for

lipids and carbohydrates

we use gel electrophoresis for

DNA, RNA, proteins

organelles unique to animal cells

lysosomes, centrioles, gap junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions

organelles unique to plant cells

chloroplasts, cell wall, central vacuole, plasmodesmata

organelles in both plant and animal cells

golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, vacuoles

unique structure of prokaryotes

no endomembrane system, no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, smaller

unique structure of eukaryotes

histones (proteins) wind up DNA, linear DNA, larger

why is the endomembrane system important

increases surface area, allows for compartmentalization

how do large cells compensate for loss of surface area

complex endomembrane system

SA to V ratio for a cell x big

6:1

SA to V ratio for a cell 2x big

3:1

SA to V ratio for a cell 3x big

2:1

SA to V ratio for a cell 4x big

1.5:1

what do prokaryotes have?

nucleoid, plasma membrane, cell wall, ribosomes

what eukaryote doesn't have a cell wall

animals, some protists

what eukaryote doesn't have lysosomes

protists, fungi, plants

what eukaryote doesn't have chloroplasts

some protists, animals, fungi

what eukaryote doesn't have a central vacuole

protists, fungi, animals

what eukaryote doesn't have intermediate filaments

fungi, plants

the nucleolus is the site of

creation of rRNA

lining inside of nuclear membrane

nuclear lamina

functions of smooth ER

synthesize lipids, partake in metabolic pathway, detoxify, store calcium, glucose storage and release

functions of rough ER

protein synthesis, secretion/modification of membrane bound proteins

unique qualities of mitochondria

rod shaped, cristae, no photosynthetic pigments, found in plant and animal cells, uses oxygen for aerobic respiration

unique qualities of chloroplasts

lens shaped, stroma/thylakoids/grana, photosynthetic pigments, found in plant cells, produces oxygen through photosynthesis

both the rough ER and the smooth ER help in the

production and storage of proteins

both mitochondria and chloroplasts

provide energy, have a double membrane, contain their own DNA/RNA, are prokaryotic, have similar enzymes

slides microtubules past one another. used for cilia/flagella movement

dynein

carries cargo on the microtubules

kinesin

going from inside the plant cell to out

cytoplasm, plasma membrane, secondary cell wall, primary cell wall, middle lamina

enzyme found in bacteria that degrades cellulose of plant cell walls

cellulase

cellulase is produced by

bacteria

enzyme found in plants that degrades chitin

chitinase

chitinase is produced by

plants

enzyme that breaks down the NAM-NAG bacterial cell wall

lysozyme

protist cell membrane is made of

cellulose (beta1-4 linkages), lignin, pectin, hemicellulose

what kind of bonds hold protist cell membranes together

hydrogen bonds

T/F all protists have cell walls

false

key component to membrane fluidity

lipids (cholesterol)

assumptions of the fluid mosaic model

membrane is fluid not rigid, london dispersion forces bind the membrane together, fluidity/saturation depends on temperature, membranes are two sided

movement of non polar small molecules

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

movement of non polar medium molecules

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

movement of non polar large molecules

endo/exocytosis

movement of polar small molecules

facilitated diffusion

movement of polar medium molecules

facilitated diffusion

movement of polar large molecules

endo/exocytosis

examples of small non polar molecule

CO2, O2

example of medium non polar molecule

steroids

example of large non polar molecule

lipids

example of small polar molecule

Na+

example of medium polar molecule

glucose

example of large polar molecule

DNA

process of cell charge becoming more positive due to the influx of Na+

depolarization

process of cell charge becoming more negative due to the exit of K+

repolarization

when the cell charge is much more negative than the resting state

hyperpolarization

the value at which channels open and begin depolarization

threshold

type of cell communication between cells that have direct contact with each other

direct contact

type of cell communication where a cell releases a signaling molecule to bind and activate surrounding cells

paracrine signaling

type of cell communication where specialized endocrine cells secrete signaling molecules to be carried through circulation and act on target cells

endocrine signaling

type of cell communication where one cell sends a signal to another cell through a synapse

synaptic signaling

types of signaling molecules

hormones, ions, proteins

pathway of cell communication

first messenger, second messenger, phosphorylation cascade, physiological response

bacteria physical protection

NAM NAG cell wall, slimy layer

what is bacteria's protective chemical response

produce protein to lysis and kill host cell

restriction methylation system is a defense mechanism of

bacteria, prokaryotes

defense mechanism in which methylase adds methyl groups to specific DNA sequences to prevent entry of foreign DNA

Restriction Methylation System

structure of microtubules

tubes. 13 columns of tubulin molecules

structure of microfilaments

two intertwined strands of actin

structure of intermediate filaments

supercoiled thick cables of fibrous proteins

size of microtubules

large

size of microfilaments

small

size of intermediate filaments

medium

microtubules composed of

tubulin

microfilaments composed of

actin, myesin

intermediate filaments composed of

keratin like proteins

function of microtubules

structure during cell division, move protein vesicles, flagellate/ciliate movement

function of microfilaments

cleavage furrow, amoeboid movement, cytoplasmic streaming

function of intermediate filaments

structure, protect nucleus (lamina)

which cytoskeleton element provides structure through tension bearing

microfilaments, intermediate filaments

which cytoskeleton element provides structure through scaffolding

microtubules

advantage of not having a cell wall

better permeability, movement

three types of cell junctions

tight junctions, desmosomes (anchoring junction), gap junctions