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Placer Mining

surface and near-surface mining

Quartz Mining

dug deeper under the surface to extract minerals

Comstock Lode

canyon found by Comstock with a half trillion worth of silver deposits

Leadville

Colorado town with silver deposits in lead, led to denver becoming the largest western city and railroads extending over the Rockies

Cattle Ranching Origins

originally only southern Longhorns were adapted, which evolved from cows brought by the Spanish. Pre-civil war it is not worth it to ranch cow, during civil war they become food for soldiers and post civil war trains make it easy to transport

Open Range

cows roamed the grasslands without fences

Barbed Wire

initially opposed bc it took away the freedom, later used bc it created competition

Cowboys

symbol for American freedom, people who drove cows long distances to sell them (the Long Drive)

Homestead Act

govt gave free land to western settlers, they could keep the land if they lived off of it for 5 yrs

Dry Farming

dig and plant deep, let moisture from the ground grow the wheat

Bonanza Farming

massive farms with hundreds of employees and used real equipment

Sand Creek Massacre

attack on a group of NAs that settled to negotiate

Dawes Act

land given to NAs based on family size, goal to assimilate NAs

Wounded Knee

US Army kills Sitting Bull and NAs for performing a peaceful dance

Petroleum

found in Pennsylvania, drilled for kerosene for lanterns

Laissez-Faire

no govt involvement in the economy except selling land, rely on supply and demand

Tariffs

3x as much as during civil war

Corporations

businesses owned by multiple people but treated as one, get money from investors

Economies of Scale

cutting prices but make up for it by amount sold

Vertical Integration

owns all of a single line of business, cuts out the middleman

Horizontal Integration

own all of a certain field of business, goal is a monopoly

Transcontinental Railroad

built by two companies, and relied on immigrant workers, Union Pacific (E to W, Irish) and Central Pacific (W to E, Chinese)

Land Grant System

helps speed up settlement along the RR and offset the cost, encourages track construction

Unions

fought for worker's rights, prevented by companies w oaths, contracts, spies, blacklists, lockouts, and strikebreakers. Feared bc of association to Marxism, but most early unions failed

Great RR Strike of 1877

workers get their wages cut, block 2/3 of America's railways, army sent to fix it, and nothing happened bc the workers didn't want anything

Knights of Labor

1st nationwide union, preferred boycotts to strikes, pushed for arbitration (using 3rd parties to resolve disputes). Ended after the Haymarket Square Riot bc a rioter threw a bomb

Pullman Strike

American Railway Union attempts to unionize Pullman Co., refuses to run Pullman Cars, Pullman attaches mail cars to its trains and the strike and ACU fall apart\`

Samuel Gompers

led the American Federation of Labor, a trade union. thinks unions should stay out of politics, negotiations\>strikes, and strike for small goals. 3 goals: 8 hour work day, closed shop (only hiring union members) and get companies to recognize unions

Steerage

shipping storage, where many immigrants spent the trip to america

Ellis Island

east coast immigration processing center (many Europeans, esp from Eastern Europe)

Angel Island

West coast immigration processing center (many Chinese)

American Protective Association (APA)

anticatholic and anti-immigrant group

Workingman's Part of California

anti-immigrant political parrty founded by Irishman Dennis Kearny

Nativism

dislike of immigrants/Nonamericans bc immigrants are taking jobs. New laws turn away convicts, poor ppl, and mentally disabled ppl

Chinese Exclusion Act

banned Chinese immigration for 10 yrs and prevented Chinese already in America from gaining citizenship

How could immigrants succeed?

by living in an area with the a high population of immigrants from the same place, learning to speak English and getting a job

Urbanization

growth of cities - more jobs, jabs pay more, and immigration

Class Location

high society - rich people, don't live in cities. Middle Class/Class Gentility - live mostly in suburbs. Working Class - poor, live in tenements

Political Machines

corrupt organizations that exchanged favors for votes/provide what the cities fails to, most infamous is Tanamy Hall run by William Tweed

Individualism

dependence on only yourself; your talent=your success

Social Darwinism

we are no different than animals; social classes = natural selection

Gospel of Wealth

philthropy, giving back to the society that made you successful by supporting people in the long term

Entertainment in the Gilded Age

Ragtime music, Vaudeville variety shows, amusement parks, sports, saloons

Naturalism

some people are bound by circumstances out of their control to failure - criticizes Social Darwinism

Realism

portrayal of things as they are - response to romanticism

Reform Darwinism

cooperation \> competition

Pendleton Act

govt jobs require some level of qualification (response to Spoils System)

Stalwarts

support patronage/spoils system

Half-breeds

reformers

Republicans in the Gilded Age

party of Morality, supporters are Midwesterners, Northeasterners, vets, AAs, and big buisinesses

Democrats in the Gilded Age

party of Personal Liberty, supports are Catholics, Immigrants, and city populations

Mugwumps

Reps voting Dem (for Grover Cleveland)

Sherman Antitrust Act

first act against monopolies, failed bc courts were responsible for enforcement but they didn't

Wabash v. Illinois

Interstate Commerce Commission established bc only Federal govt can regulate interstate trade

McKinley Tariff

protective tariff, makes America a deficit country

Deflation

increase in worth of money, caused by govt stopping the minting of paper money and silver coins. angered poor farmers

The Grange

helped isolated farmers socialize, became political later. ideas: regulate warehouse and railroad rates, cooperatives (pool together crops and sell for the same price), Independent/Greenback Party

Wilmont Proviso

no land from Mexico can have slaves

Popular Sovereignty

citizens of a territory decide; seen as a Democratic solution and takes blame away from politicians; coined by Lewis Cass

Cotton Whigs

sympathetic to Southern political ideas, esp slavery

Conscience Whigs

antislavery whigs; opposed the Cotton Whigs

Zachary Taylor (1848 candidate)

Whig party candidate, southern slaveowned, won the election

Lewis Cass (1848 candidate)

Democratic candidate, known for pop sov

Martin Van Buren (1848 candidate)

Free Soil candidate; FSP was a combination of the Liberty party, Conscience Whigs, and New York Democrats

Compromise of 1850

8 part bill proposed by Henry Clay, all sections eventually pass individually and calms tension between N and S briefly

Republican Party

N Whigs join w Free Soil and antislavery Dems, call themselves Republicans after Jefferson, Know-Nothings are absorbed into this

Kansas-Nebraska Act

created Kansas and Nebraska and gave the people of those territories pop sov to decide weather or not they would have slavery

Bleeding Kansas

tensions between pro and antislavery groups in Kansas results in violence; ;statehood is pushed for to end the violence - Lecompton constitution allows slavery but is rejected by the people

Caning of Charles Sumner

Brooks bashed Sumner's head with a cane in the Senate. The south liked it, and the north knew they had to retaliate somehow

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Mississippi slave (Scott) brought from Miss to Illinois and back to Miss. Scott argues he cannot be a slave bc he was taken to a free state. SC dismisses the case bc Scott is a slave, property, and cannot argue in court. (SC also says that the Fed. govt had no right to rule on slavery bc of the MIss Comp, Reps call this Obiter Dictum)

Freeport Doctrine

Douglas's answer when Lincoln asks if people of a territory can legally exclude slavery prior to statehood (saying yes rejects Dred Scott; saying no rejects pop sov): accept Dred Scott, but laws can make it hard for slaves to be brought to a terr.

John Brown

attacked Harper's Ferry, failed to start a revolt; North say him as a martyr, South saw him as a terrorist

Electon of 1860

Dems split, N Dems uphold pop sov and nominate Douglas, S Dems uphold Dred Scott and nominate John Breckingridge; Lincoln nominated for Reps; John Bell from the Constitutional Union Party

Confederate Constitution

similar to the US's constitution, except: each state is independent, slavery exists, no protective tariffs, and pres serves a single 6yr term

Crittenden Compromise

keep slavery where it exists and redraws the Miss Comp line out to Cali; fails bc Lincoln opposes it

Lincoln vs the south (initially)

Lincoln viewed the Union as perpetual and that you could not simply leave, he did not threaten the S but wanted to take back Fed property there (ex. Fort Sumpter

Border States

Maryland: martial law put into effect to prevent DC from becoming surrounded

Kentucky: neutral before Confeds invade and joins the Union

Missouri: union w/o debate

Habeas Corpus

right to trial before punishment; must be charged to be imprisoned

Trent Affair

Union navy officer captured two Confed envoys on a British ship, GB said US was violating its neutrality

Emancipation Proclaimation

changed the war; no longer about the Union but about slavery, makes it so that Europe can no longer support Confeds

McClellan (1864 candidate)

wants to end the war and negotiate peace bc he does not think Lee can be beaten - seen as two-faced for this

Lincoln (1864 candidate)

problems: people are tired of war, Grant is seen as a slaughterer, believes he will lose. wins with soldier's votes and believes he has a mandate to end slavery

13th Amendment

abolished slavery, passed bc of Lincoln's mandate

14th Amendment

declares that all persons born in the US are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment

citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color, or precious condition of servitude

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan

appoint military governors in captured S terr., wants to make Recon soft on S - offers amnesty by an oath of allegiance

Johnson's Reconstruction plan

pardons all who take an oath except the rich and military leader, who must write a personal apology; new constitution must revoke secession and ratify the 13th amendment

Radical Republican's plan

1. prevent Confed leaders from returning to power

2. make Reps strong in the south

3. protect Freedmen rights, esp the right to vote

Wade-Davis bill

plan for Recon between Lincoln and R. Rep's, pocket vetoed by Lincoln

Impeachment of Johnson

congress created the Tenure of Office Act (anyone appointed by congress must be approved for dismissal) and the Command of Army Act (orders must go first through Grant) so that they could impeach him when he broke one of these, he does, but is not convicted

Scalawags

Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Carpetbaggers

a northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Ku Klux Klan

racist organization, outlawed by the KKK Act

1868 Election

Grant wins, believes president should only enforce laws, follows congress orders.

Whiskey Ring

distilleries lie about profits to make more money, bribe Sec of War Bellknap to stay quiet