1. Scalar and Vector Quantities:

• Scalar: A quantity that has only magnitude (e.g., speed, distance, mass).

• Vector: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force).

2. Position and Displacement:

• Position: The location of an object in space.

• Displacement: The change in position of an object. It is a vector quantity.

3. Speed and Velocity:

• Speed: The rate at which an object covers distance.

• Velocity: The rate at which an object changes its position; it has both magnitude and direction.

4. Acceleration:

• The rate at which velocity changes over time. It is a vector quantity.

5. Projectile Motion:

A Projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity.

Projectile motion is the combination of two motions; horizontal and vertical motion

• Horizontally, velocity is constant (

• Vertically, acceleration is constant (a =-g)

• The motion of an object projected into the air, subject to the force of gravity.

FREE FALL - refers to an object falling in the earth’s atmosphere. It disregards air resistance and its acceleration is constant

Anatomy of projectile

Range - from start to end

Max height - Highest point to lowest

acceleration = constant along y axis

velocity = constant along x axis

FORCE - any interaction that changes the speed in motion

6. Circular Motion:

• Motion in a circular path. It involves concepts like centripetal acceleration and centripetal force.

• Uniform circular motion - constant speed

7. Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces:

• Centripetal Force: A force that acts on an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle.

• Centrifugal Force: The apparent outward force experienced by an object in circular motion and the velocity is constantly changing (edges of the circle)

TYPES OF FORCES

COMMON FORCES

Non - contact

• Gravity

• Magnetic force

• Electrostatic force

• Weight

Contact

• Tension force - pulling force transmitted through a string, cable or rope

• Friction force - force exerted by a surface on an object moving on it to oppose the object’s motion; resistance of one object relative to another

types of friction

• static - friction acting on stationary objects

• kinetic - friction acting on sliding objects

• Normal force - reactive force of a surface when acted upon by another force; has a direction perpendicular to the surface; magnitude is usually equal to the amount of perpendicular force acted on the surface

• Applied force - push and pull of an object

4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES

• Gravitational force - force of attraction between objects with mass; weakest fundamental force but has infinite range

• Electromagnetic force - force of attraction or repulsion due to the electrical charges of particles of objects; with infinite range

• Weak Nuclear force - force of interaction between gluons, quarks and antiquarks; responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions; weaker than electromagnetic force but stronger than gravitational force; short range

• Strong Nuclear force- force responsible for keeping the nuclei of atoms intact; attractive but can be effectively repulsive in some circumstances; strongest of all fundamental forces but has a short range

8. Newton's Laws of Motion:

• First Law (Law of Inertia): An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force.

*Acceleration of an object depend on its net force

*Net force is the the sum of all forces acting on an object

• Second Law (Law of Acceleration): The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration.

  If an object with mass m is acted upon by a net force Fnet, it will accelerate by an amount of a. Fnet = ma

• Third Law (Law of Interaction/Action-Reaction) : For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

9. Conservation of Momentum:

• The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

10. Torque:

• The rotational equivalent of force, causing an object to rotate around an axis.

11. Angular Displacement and Angular Velocity:

• Angular Displacement: The change in angle through which an object rotates.

• Angular Velocity: The rate of change of angular displacement.

12. Work and Energy:

• Work: The product of force and the distance over which the force is applied.

• Energy: The capacity to do work. Forms include kinetic and potential energy.

13. Conservation of Energy:

• The total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time.

Applying the Laws of Motion

Free-Body Diagram (FBD) - diagrams used to show the relative magnitude and direction of all forces acting upon an object in a given situation