GENPHY

Scalar

Scalar

A quantity that has only magnitude (e.g., speed, distance, mass).

Vector

A quantity that has both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, displacement, force).

Position

The location of an object in space.

Displacement

The change in position of an object. It is a vector quantity.

Speed

The rate at which an object covers distance.

Velocity

The rate at which an object changes its position; it has both magnitude and direction.

Acceleration

The rate at which velocity changes over time. It is a vector quantity.

Projectile Motion

The motion of an object projected into the air, subject to the force of gravity.

Centripetal Force

A force that acts on an object moving in a circular path, directed towards the center of the circle.

Centrifugal Force

The apparent outward force experienced by an object in circular motion and the velocity is constantly changing (edges of the circle).

Tension Force

Pulling force transmitted through a string, cable, or rope.

Friction Force

Force exerted by a surface on an object moving on it to oppose the object's motion.

Normal Force

Reactive force of a surface when acted upon by another force; has a direction perpendicular to the surface.

Applied Force

Push and pull of an object.

Gravitational Force

Force of attraction between objects with mass; weakest fundamental force but has infinite range.

Electromagnetic Force

Force of attraction or repulsion due to the electrical charges of particles of objects; with infinite range.

Weak Nuclear Force

Force of interaction between gluons, quarks, and antiquarks; responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions; weaker than electromagnetic force but stronger than gravitational force; short range.

Strong Nuclear Force

Force responsible for keeping the nuclei of atoms intact; attractive but can be effectively repulsive in some circumstances; strongest of all fundamental forces but has a short range.

Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia)

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force.

Newton's Second Law (Law of Acceleration)

The force acting on an object is equal to the mass of that object multiplied by its acceleration.

Newton's Third Law (Law of Interaction/Action-Reaction)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Conservation of Momentum

The total momentum of a closed system remains constant if no external forces act on it.

Torque

The rotational equivalent of force, causing an object to rotate around an axis.

Angular Displacement

The change in angle through which an object rotates.

Angular Velocity

The rate of change of angular displacement.

Work

The product of force and the distance over which the force is applied.

Energy

The capacity to do work. Forms include kinetic and potential energy.

Conservation of Energy

The total energy of an isolated system remains constant over time.