Biological molecules (2.3-2.4)

  • All organic molecules contain carbon and hydrogen atoms; Hydrocarbons

  • Organic molecules can be large and show a wide variety of chain and ring structures

  • Organisms need organic molecules to:

    • Provide energy to drive life processes
    • Provide raw materials for the growth and repair of tissues
  • Main organic molecules used by organisms are:

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acids
  • Biochemistry: The study of the organic and inorganic molecules that make up living organisms

  • Metabolism: Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism

  • Large organic molecules are made of many simmilar smaller molecules (subunits/isomers)

  • Subunits can be split apart by Hydrolisis

    • Hydrolisis: Reaction that uses water to break apart subunits
    • They can be joined together again by condensation
  • Living organisms can obtain molecules from their environment and rearrange them into shapes that suit their own particular requirements

    • Large molecules are made from smaller ones

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrates: Organic compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
    • Sources: rice, wheat, oats, maize barley
  • Carbohydrates are long chains of simple sugars (glucose)
  • Simple sugars are also called monosaccharides; made of one sugar molecule
  • When 2 glucose molecules join together they form maltose (a disaccharide)
  • Many glucose molecules can join together to form starch, cellulose or glycogen (polysaccharides)

Example:

Glucose (monosaccharide) →Glycogen (polysaccharide)

Importance of Carbohydrates

  • Good sources of energy
  • Plants store excess carbohydrates as starch
  • Animlas store excess carbohydrates as glycogen in the liver and muscles
  • Eating excess carbohydrates causes obesity
  • Defiency of carbohydrates causes ‘Marasmus’

Protein

  • Proteins: Organic compounds containing Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (and sometimes sulphur)

    • Sources: Milk, eggiwhite, fish, peas, beans and meat
  • Made up of the basic subunit (monomer) amino acids

    • 20 types amino acids are naturally occuring
    • 8 are essential (from food) 12 are non-essential (present in your body)
  • Amino acids are soluble in water; can be transported in organisms

  • The sequence of amino acids determines the shape of the protein molecule

    • Shape determines the function of the protein
    • Different sequences of amino acids causes the polypeptide chains to fold in different ways and form differently shaped proteins

Examples

  • Enzymes have active sites where substrate molecules bind for a reaction to take place

    • Since enzymes are substrate specific the shape of the active site has to match the shape of the molecule
    • The shape of the active site determines which molecules will bind and react using the enzyme
  • Antibodies are proteins produced by WBCs which bind to antigens on the surface of antibodies

    • The shape of the anitbody has to match the shape of the antigen so it can bind to it and signal for destruction
  • In proteins there are four components attached to a central carbon

Importance of proteins

  • Proteins are body builders and they are used in tissue growth and tissue repair

  • They are used to make antibodies, enzymes, hormones, and plasma proteins

  • Excess proteins are not stored in the body, they are converted into urea in the liver -deamination of amino acids

  • Lack of protein causes' ‘Kwashiorkor’

  • Hydrolisis breaks down proteins into amino acids by adding water

  • Condensation reactions synthesise protein molecules and water from amino acids

Lipids

  • Lipids: Organic compounds containing chemical elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

    • Sources: Cream, ghee, oil, nuts, butter, dairy
  • One molecule of lipid is made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids and is made by condensation

Importance of lipids

  • Acts as an energy store
  • Provides insulation
  • Less dense than water
  • Harvesting animals store food in bodies as fat as a source of energy
    • (fats- solid, oils- liquid)

Nucleic Acids

  • The 2 nucleic acids are DNA and RNA
DNARNA
Deoxyribonucleic acidRibonucleic acid
Double helixSingle stranded
A,C,T,GA,C,G,U
Contains genetic materialShape changes depending on function
Situated ONLY within the nucleiMoves around cell
  • DNA contains the instruction for the growth and development of organisims and is made of 2 strands wrapped around eachother forming a double helix

  • Nucleotides: individual units of DNA

    • They all have the same phosphate and sugar ‘backbone’ but have different bases attached
    • Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine and Guanine
  • The bases on each strand form cross links (hydrogen bonds) and form base pairs holding the two strands of DNA in the double helic together

    • Adenine always pairs with Thymine (A-T)
    • Cytosine always pairs with guanine (C-G)

Apple Tree and Car Garage to remember ;)

  • The sequence of base pairs holds the code for the formation of proteins

Food tests

  • Reducing sugars
  1. Add Benedicts solution into sample in test tube
  2. Heat at 60-70 C in a water bath for 5 minutes
  3. Take test tue out
  4. Positive test; Blue → orange/brick red
  • Starch
  1. Add drops of iodine to sample
  2. Positive test; Orange/brown → Blue/black
  • Protein
  1. Add drops of Biuret solution to sample
  2. Positive test; Blue →Purple
  • Lipids
  1. Mix 2cm3 of Ethanol with food sample
  2. Add equal volume of water
  3. Positive test; Cloudy emulsion

OR

  1. Take a sample of oil and add water and shake; forms an emulsion (bubbles)
  • Vitamin C
  1. Add 1cm3 of @@DCPIP@@ solution to test tube
  2. Add food sample to solution
  3. Positive test; @@Blue color of the dye will turn colorless @@

Water

  • Water is an important solvent; many substances can dissolve in it , making it essential for life on earth

Importance of water

  • Water allows substances to be easily transported arounf organisms

  • Digested food molecules in the alimentary canal are moved around the body using water as a solvent

  • Toxic substances (eg. urea) and substances in excess (eg. salts) are dissolved in water to be removed from the body (as urine)

  • Water is an important part of the cytoplasm and is involved in ensuring metabolic reaction can take place in cells

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