High-Risk Pregnancy: Conditions, Exposures, and Fetal Effects

What medical condition combined with certain medications can cause high-risk pregnancy?

Asthma

What environmental exposure increases cancer risk in pregnancy?

Chemical pollutants

Which maternal condition can involve exposure to Cytomegalovirus (CMV)?

Diabetes

What exposure can cause hypertension-related pregnancy risks?

Excessive radiation

What infection can cause issues during pregnancy with heart disease?

Rubella

Which condition is linked to toxoplasmosis exposure during pregnancy?

Kidney disease

What are some historical risk factors for high-risk pregnancy?

Previous miscarriage, poverty, age <16 or >35, overweight/underweight, heredity

What is Coumadin used for, and what are its fetal effects?

Blood clots; may cause fetal brain bleeding or damage

What are the risks of diuretics during pregnancy?

Water/salt imbalance → possible brain damage

How does streptomycin affect the fetus?

Impairs kidneys, hearing, balance

What are possible effects of aspirin use during pregnancy?

Death, deformities, brain bleeding

How do tetracyclines affect development?

Stunt bone and teeth growth

What is the effect of Reserpine (for hypertension) on infants?

Choking, gasping, nasal congestion at birth

What thyroid medications can affect fetal thyroid development?

Thiouracil, radioactive iodine → cretinism

What are risks of maternal hyperglycemia (diabetes) to the fetus?

Heart, brain, spinal, kidney, and limb defects

How can progesterone affect fetal development?

Gross deformities, masculinization of female organs

What can antihistamines cause in animal studies?

Deformities

What is valproic acid associated with during pregnancy?

Cleft palate and malformations

What are fetal effects of opiate use?

Congenital heart defects, spina bifida, hydrocephaly

How does cocaine affect the newborn?

Low birth weight, poor reflexes, ADHD, brain deficits

What are effects of methamphetamine on infants?

Low birth weight, high mortality, ADHD

How does marijuana impact infant development?

Memory and intelligence deficits, low birth weight

What symptoms occur in infants born to heroin users?

Withdrawal, irritability, poor motor control, addiction

What chromosome pattern defines Down Syndrome?

47 chromosomes; Trisomy 21

What are 3 main motor delay traits of Down Syndrome?

Delayed reflexes, hypotonia/hyperflexia, slow milestones

List the 3 types of Spina Bifida.

Occulta, Meningocele, Myelomeningocele

Which form of Spina Bifida is most severe?

Myelomeningocele (nerve tissue exposed)

What happens during the zygotic period?

Zygote unchanged in size, nourished by yolk

What occurs in the embryonic period?

Rapid growth, tissue differentiation into ecto/meso/endoderm

Describe the early fetal period.

Fastest growth, sex differentiation, organ function begins

Describe the late fetal period.

Weight triples, active movement, adipose buildup

Describe the neonatal period.

Head = ¼ of body, poor balance

Describe early infancy growth.

Rapid weight gain and 'filling out'

Describe later infancy growth.

Slower growth, limbs lengthen

What is the Moro reflex?

Startle → arms extend then flex; birth-6 mo

What is the Startle reflex?

Flexion only; 7-10 mo

What is the Search (Rooting) reflex?

Turns head toward cheek stimulation; birth-11 mo

What is the Sucking reflex?

Rhythmic sucking; birth-3 mo

What is the Palmar-Mental reflex?

Scratch palm → chin lifts; birth-2 mo

What is the Palmar-Mandibular reflex?

Pressure on palms → mouth opens; birth-3 mo

What is the Palmar Grasp reflex?

Hand closes strongly; birth-4 mo

What is the Babinski reflex?

Toes extend when foot stroked; birth-3 mo

What is the Plantar reflex?

Toes curl; 4-12 mo

What is the ATNR reflex?

Head turn → same-side limb extends; birth-6 mo

What is the STNR reflex?

Head extension → arms extend, legs flex; birth-6 mo

What is the Labyrinthine Righting reflex?

Head moves opposite body tilt; 2-6 mo

What is the Optical Righting reflex?

Eyes and head follow tilt; 6-12 mo

What is the Pull-Up reflex?

Infant flexes arms when tipped; 3-12 mo

What is the Parachute reflex?

Arms extend to brace for fall; 4-12 mo

What is the Propping reflex?

Arms extend forward or to the side for balance; 4-12 mo

What is the Neck Righting reflex?

Head turn causes body to follow; birth-6 mo

What is the Body Righting reflex?

Body follows head movement in reverse; 6-12 mo

What is the Crawling reflex?

Pressure on feet → crawl motion; birth-3 mo

What is the Stepping reflex?

Feet move in walking motion; birth-4 mo

What is the Swimming reflex?

Prone position → swimming motions; birth-4 mo

What are early stability movements for head/neck?

Turns, lifts chin, maintains head upright

What trunk control milestones occur in infancy?

Rolls from supine↔prone positions

List the stages of sitting development.

Supported → self-supported → independent

List the stages of standing development.

With support → pulls to stand → stands alone

List horizontal locomotion stages.

Scooting → crawling → creeping → walking on all fours

List upright gait stages.

Walks with support → handholds → lead → hands high → hands low

Stages of reaching development

Globular → corralling → controlled

Stages of grasping development

Reflexive → voluntary → two-hand → one-hand → pincer → controlled → self-feeding

Stages of release

Basic → controlled

Quote about perception and movement

'Infants think and use movement as a purposeful, though initially imprecise, way of gaining information about their environments.'

Quote about perception-movement relationship

'People perceive in order to experience movement and move in order to experience perception.'